Table 2 Overview of biomarker signals in each of the three cohorts

From: Multi-omic biomarker identification and validation for diagnosing warzone-related post-traumatic stress disorder

		Cohort 1 (Discovery Cohort)	Cohort 2 (Recalled Cohort)	Cohort 3 (Validation Cohort)	Findings from the literature
70672835 (SHANK2)	Methylation	↓	↑	↓	Genetic variants of SHANK2 associated with schizophrenia [30]
75938326 (C2orf3)	Methylation	↑	↑	↑
75938338 (C2orf3)	Methylation	↑	↑	↑
AFM-LPN	Protein	↑	↓	↓
cg01208318	Methylation	↓	↓	↓
cg03405026 (MLH1)	Methylation	↑	↓	↓
cg03433241	Methylation	↑	↑	↓
cg04112106 (CES2)	Methylation	↑	↑	↓
cg15687973 (PDE9A)	Methylation	↓	↓	↑	PDE9A expression has been associated with monoamine neurotransmitter regulation and depression [31]
cg17137457 (CPT1B)	Methylation	↓	↓	↓	CPT1B expression has been associated with rodent stress and human PTSD [32]
cg20578780	Methylation	↓	↓	↓
cg26454601 (MDC1)	Methylation	↑	↑	↓
CPN1-IVQ	Protein	↓	↓	↓
CPN2-LLN	Protein	↓	↑	↑
CTSS-GID	Protein	↑	↑	↓
F10-NCE	Protein	↑	↓	↑	Decreased coagulation in PTSD [10]
Global Arginine Bioavailability Ratio (GABR)	Metabolite	↓	↑	↑	GABR is decreased in patients with MDD [33]; previous decreased PTSD finding published in [34]
Gammaglutamyltyrosine	Metabolite	↑	↑	↑	Gammaglutamyltyrosine negatively correlated with leukocyte telomere length [35]
heart rate	Physiological	↑	↑	↑	Elevated heart rate following trauma associated with development of PTSD [36]
hsa-miR-133a-3p	miRNA	↓	↓	↓
hsa-miR-192-5p	miRNA	↓	↓	↑	Abundant in liver; associated with obesity and diabetes [37,38]
hsa-miR-424-3p	miRNA	↓	↓	↓	miR-424-3p has been associated with inflammation [39]
hsa-miR-9-5p	miRNA	↓	↓	↓	Enriched in brain tissue and regulates neurogenesis [40]
Insulin	Clinical Labs	↑	↑	↑	Increased insulin resistance in veterans with PTSD [41]
ITIH2-VQF	Protein	↓	↓	↓
Lactate/citrate	Metabolite	↑	↑	↑	Lactate has been considered panic-inducing in both Panic Disorder and PTSD [42]
Mean platelet volume	Clinical Labs	↑	↑	↑	Increased mean platelet volume associated with panic disorder [43] and major depression [44]
PTGDS-AQG	Protein	↓	↓	↓	Prostaglandin dysregulation has been associated with both rodent stress models of PTSD and in pathways related to human PTSD [45, 46]

Arrows indicate upregulated and downregulated signals, respectively. Underlined arrows indicate consistent signals across all three cohorts, while non-underlined arrows indicate contradictory signal directions

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Table 2 Overview of biomarker signals in each of the three cohorts

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