Table 1 Neonatal analytic sample characteristics
From: Developmental vitamin D and autism spectrum disorders: findings from the Stockholm Youth Cohort
By case status | By 25OHD status (No ASD only) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No ASD: n = 1607 | ASD: n = 1399 | 25OHD Sufficient ≥ 50 nmol/L, n = 186 | 25OHD: Insufficient 25 − <50 nmol/L, n = 682 | 25OHD: Deficient <25 nmol/L, n = 739 | |
Outcome | |||||
ASD no ID | – | 947 (67.7) | – | – | – |
ASD with ID | – | 452 (32.3) | – | – | – |
No ASD | 1607 (100) | 186 (100) | 682 (100) | 739 (100) | |
Season of birth | |||||
Spring (Mar–May) | 407 (25.3) | 304 (21.6) | 22 (11.8) | 148 (21.7) | 237 (32.1) |
Summer (Jun–Aug) | 436 (27.1) | 405 (28.9) | 103 (55.4) | 193 (28.3) | 140 (18.9) |
Fall (Sep–Nov) | 391 (24.3) | 376 (26.9) | 47 (25.3) | 185 (27.1) | 159 (21.5) |
Winter (Dec–Feb) | 373 (23.2) | 314 (22.4) | 14 (7.5) | 156 (22.9) | 203 (27.5) |
Male | 819 (51.0) | 1064 (76.1) | 85 (45.7) | 365 (53.5) | 369 (49.9) |
Maternal age, mean (SD) | 30.2 (5.1) | 30.0 (5.3) | 30.7 (4.6) | 30.8 (4.9) | 29.5 (5.2) |
Maternal BMI | |||||
Normal | 828 (51.5) | 623 (44.5) | 107 (57.5) | 348 (51.0) | 373 (50.5) |
Underweight | 38 (2.4) | 37 (2.6) | 2 (1.1) | 17 (2.5) | 19 (2.6) |
Overweight | 262 (16.3) | 260 (18.6) | 20 (10.8) | 108 (15.8) | 134 (18.1) |
Obese | 88 (5.5) | 104 (7.4) | 1 (0.5) | 37 (5.4) | 50 (6.8) |
Missing | 391 (24.3) | 375 (26.8) | 56 (30.1) | 172 (25.2) | 163 (22.1) |
Maternal smoking | 172 (10.7) | 158 (11.3) | 16 (8.6) | 69 (10.1) | 87 (11.8) |
Maternal supplementation | |||||
Multivitamins | 201 (12.5) | 166 (11.9) | 33 (17.7) | 105 (15.4) | 63 (8.5) |
Iron only | 498 (31.0) | 456 (32.6) | 44 (23.7) | 203 (29.8) | 251 (34.0) |
Folic acid only | 13 (0.8) | 20 (1.4) | 2 (1.1) | 7 (1.0) | 4 (0.5) |
Iron and folic acid | 142 (8.8) | 104 (7.4) | 8 (4.3) | 52 (7.6) | 82 (11.1) |
None of the above | 750 (46.7) | 653 (46.7) | 98 (52.7) | 315 (46.2) | 337 (45.6) |
Maternal psychiatric history | 550 (34.2) | 694 (49.6) | 53 (28.5) | 229 (33.6) | 268 (36.3) |
Maternal birth country | |||||
Nordic | 1243 (77.3) | 1079 (77.1) | 177 (95.2) | 619 (90.8) | 447 (60.5) |
Africa | 90 (5.6) | 97 (6.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.6) | 86 (11.6) |
Asia | 166 (10.3) | 112 (8.0) | 2 (1.1) | 17 (2.5) | 147 (19.9) |
Other Europe | 66 (4.1) | 57 (4.1) | 4 (2.2) | 26 (3.8) | 36 (4.9) |
Other | 42 (2.6) | 54 (3.9) | 3 (1.6) | 16 (2.3) | 23 (3.1) |
