Table 3 Associations of 25OHD concentrations and ASD in the Stockholm Youth Cohort

From: Developmental vitamin D and autism spectrum disorders: findings from the Stockholm Youth Cohort

 

Maternal 25OHDa

Neonatal 25OHD

Total sample: Number of exposed cases/odds ratio (95% CI)

Nordicb: Number of exposed cases/odds ratio (95% CI)

Total sample: Number of exposed cases/odds ratio (95% CI)

Nordic: Number of exposed cases/odds ratio (95% CI)

ASD

 <25 nmol/L 25OHD

46/1.67 (0.76, 3.67)

–

676/1.33 (1.01, 1.74)

421/1.40 (1.04, 1.87)

 25–<50 nmol/L

114/1.19 (0.79, 1.78)

67/1.58 (1.00, 2.49)

573/1.11 (0.86, 1.43)

516/1.13 (0.86, 1.47)

 ≥50 nmol/L

289/Reference

261/Reference

150/Reference

142/Reference

 25OHD increase of 25 nmol/Lc

0.84 (0.60, 1.16)

0.65 (0.43, 0.96)

0.90 (0.78, 1.02)

0.86 (0.74, 0.99)

ASD without ID

 <25 nmol/L 25OHD

14/1.83 (0.64, 5.31)

–

428/1.44 (1.06, 1.96)

318/1.48 (1.07, 2.05)

 25–<50 nmol/L

67/1.25 (0.79, 1.97)

48/1.47 (0.89, 2.44)

412/1.14 (0.86, 1.52)

383/1.16 (0.87, 2.05)

 ≥50 nmol/L

213/Reference

197/Reference

107/Reference

103/Reference

 25OHD increase of 25 nnmol/L

0.80 (0.54, 1.17)

0.67 (0.43, 1.03)

0.90 (0.77, 1.04)

0.85 (0.73, 1.00)

ASD with ID

 <25 nmol/L 25OHD

32/1.62 (0.59, 4.44)

–

248/1.08 (0.72, 1.64)

103/1.15 (0.73, 1.82)

 25–< 50 nmol/L

47/1.25 (0.67, 2.29)

19/2.35 (1.14, 4.79)

161/1.00 (0.69, 1.49)

133/1.00 (0.67, 1.53)

 ≥50 nmol/L

76/Reference

64/Reference

43/Reference

39/Reference

 25OHD increase of 25 nmol/L

0.90 (0.54, 1.48)

0.52 (0.27, 0.98)

0.90 (0.73, 1.10)

0.87 (0.68, 1.10)

  1. Estimates are derived from logistic regression models adjusted for year of birth, sample month, and maternal characteristics: psychiatric disorders, age, body mass index, smoking, nutritional supplement use, and region of origin
  2. aMaternal 25OHD values are estimated from a prediction model that corrects for different gestational ages at sampling
  3. bEstimates for the subset of children born to Nordic mothers are adjusted for all of above except for maternal region of origin
  4. cOdds ratio associated with a linear increase of 25 nmol/L in maternal or neonatal 25OHD
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