Table 1 Summary of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies included in meta-analysis.

From: Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Study	Year of publication	Region	Infectious outbreak	Time of survey after traumatic events (mo)	PTSD measurement	Population (patients/healthcare workers/general public)	Total sample size	PTSD prevalence	Score of literature quality
Arpacioglu et al. [99]	2020	Turkey	COVID-19	During	STSS	HCW	563	/	7^a
Ausin et al. [100]	2020	Spain	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	10541	/	7^a
Bai et al. [26]	2004	China	SARS	During	Author designed questionnaire	HCW	338	5%	6^a
Berthelot et al. [27]	2020	Canada	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	General public	496	1.19%	8^a
Chan et al. [122]	2004	Singapore	SARS	2	IES	HCW	661	19.2%	7^a
Chen et al. [29]	2005	China	SARS	During	IES	HCW	128	11%	7^a
Chew et al. [30]	2020	Singapore India	COVID-19	During	IES-R	HCW	906	7.4%	6^a
Chong et al. [8]	2004	Taiwan China	SARS	During	IES	HCW	1257	/	9^a
Fekih-Romdhane et al. [31]	2020	Tunisia	COVID-19	During	IES-R	General public	603	33.0%	7^a
Feng et al. [90]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	53427	4.75%	10^a
Forte et al. [32]	2020	Italy	COVID-19	During	IES-R	General public	2291	27.72%	8^a
Gao et al. [19]	2006	China	SARS	3 and 12	PTSD-SS; CCMD-III	Patients	67	3 mo: 46.2% 12 mo: 38.8%	8^a
Garcia-Fernandez et al. [101]	2020	Spain	COVID-19	During	ASDI	General public	2710	/	8^a
Giusti et al. [33]	2020	Italy	COVID-19	During	IES-R	HCW	330	36.7%	8^a
Gonzalez Ramirez et al. [34]	2020	Mexico	COVID-19	During	IES-R	General public	3932	27.7%	8^a
Gonzalez-Sanguino et al. [35]	2020	Spain	COVID-19	During	PCL-C-2	General public	3480	15.8%	7^a
Guo et al. [37]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	Patients; general public	P:103 G:103	P: 1% G: 1.9%	7^a
Guo et al. [36]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	General public	2441	20.4%	8^a
Hawryluck et al. [38]	2004	Canada	SARS	3	IES-R	General public	129	28.9%	6^a
Ho et al. [102]	2005	China, Hong Kong	SARS	During	CIES-R	HCW	S1: 82 S2: 97	/	8^a
Hong et al. [39]	2009	China	SARS	2, 7, 10, 20, and 46	CCMD-III; IES	Patients	70	Total: 44.1% 2 mo: 40.0% 7 mo: 41.0% 10 mo: 38.6% 20 mo: 39.7% 46 mo: 42.1%	7^a
Huang et al. [40]	2020	China	Covid-19	During	PTSD-SS	HCW	230	27.39%	7^a
Hugo et al. [41]	2015	Sierra Leone	Ebola	1	TSQ	Patients	74	21%	6^a
Jalloh et al. [20]	2018	Sierra Leone	Ebola	12	IES-6	General public	3564	16%	9^a
Jiang et al. [103]	2020	China	Covid-19	During	PCL-5	General public	6,049	/	8^a
Joseph [42]	2020	Saudi Arabia	COVID-19	During	IES-6	General public	584	65.5%	9^a
Karatzias et al. [43]	2020	Ireland	Covid-19	During	ITQ	General public	1041	17.7%	8^a
Keita et al. [44]	2017	Guinea	Ebola	During	ICD-10 or DSM-IV	Patients	68	4.46%	6^a
Kwek et al. [45]	2006	Singapore	SARS	3 mo post discharge	IES	Patients	63	41.7%	9^a
Lam et al. [46]	2009	Hong Kong, China	SARS	41.4	CIES-R; SCID	Patients	233	23.2%	9^a
Lau et al. [47]	2005	Hong Kong, China	SARS	During	IES	General public	818	15.7%	7^a
Lee et al. [98]	2006	China	SARS	2–3	CIES-R	General public	146	8.9%	10^a
Lee et al. [104]	2007	China, Hong Kong	SARS	12	IES-R	Patients	2003:79 2004:96	/	9^a
Um et al. [48]	2017	South Korea	MERS	During	IES-R-K	HCW	64	4.7%	6^a
Lee et al. [105]	2018	South Korea	MERS	During	IES-R	HCW	359	/	8^a
Leng F. [91]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES-R	HCW	72	73.61%	8^a
Leng et al. [49]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	HCW	90	5.60%	8^a
Li et al. [92]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	HCW	205	50.73%	9^a
Li Q. [50]	2020	China	COVID-19	1	IES-R	General public	1109	67.09%	8^a
Li et al. [51]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES-R	General public	1442	11.1%	8^a
Liang et al. [52]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	584	14.4%	7^a
Lin et al. [53]	2007	Taiwan China	SARS	1–2	DTS-C	HCW	92	19.3%	6^a
Lin et al. [54]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	ASDS	General public	5461	15.8%	7^a
Liu et al. [55]	2020	USA	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	898	31.8%	9^a
Liu et al. [21]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	General public	285	7%	8^a
Liu et al. [56]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	Patients	675	12.44%	7^a
Luceno-Moreno et al. [57]	2020	Spain	COVID-19	During	IES-R	HCW	1422	56.6%	8^a
Mak et al. [58]	2010	China	SARS	30	SCID	Patients	90	25.6%	5^b
Mazza et al. [59]	2020	Italy	COVID-19	During	IES-R PCL-5	Patients	402	28%	8^a
McAlonan et al. [106]	2007	Hong Kong, China	SARS	12	IES-R	HCW	184	/	7^a
Nie et al. [60]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES-R	HCW	263	73.8%	9^a
Park et al. [61]	2016	South Korea	MERS	12	IES-R-K	Patients	63	42.9%	7^a
Plomecka et al. [107]	2020	Multiple countries	COVID-19	During	IES	General public	12817	/	10^a
Qi et al. [62]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	Patients	41	12.2%	8^a
Reynolds et al. [64]	2008	Canada	SARS	2–3	IES-R	General public	1057	14.6%	8^a
Ren et al. [63]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	ASDS; PCL-5	General public	1172	7%	5^a
Rossi et al. [65]	2020	Italy	COVID-19	During	GPS-PTSS	HCW	1379	49.38%	9^a
Rossi et al. [66]	2020	Italy	COVID-19	During	GPS-PTSS	General public	18147	37.14%	8^a
Seyahi et al. [67]	2020	Turkey	COVID-19	During	IES-R	HCW General public	535 917	46.4% 29.1%	7^a
Shahrour et al. [68]	2020	Jordan	COVID-19	During	SASRQ	HCW	448	64%	8^a
Shi et al. [69]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	ASDS	General public	56679	24.4%	9^a
Shi et al. [70]	2005	China	SARS	8–9	PCL-C	Patients; HCW; general public	162	P: 50% H: 3.9% G: 6.7%	8^a
Si et al. [71]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES-6	HCW	863	40.2%	9^a
Sim et al. [72]	2010	Singapore	SARS	During	IES-R	General public	415	25.8%	9^a
Sim et al. [73]	2004	Singapore	SARS	During	IES-R	HCW	277	9.4%	6^a
Sprang et al. [75]	2013	America Mexico Canada	H1N1, SARS, and avian influenza	Not clear	Parents: PCL-C; Children: parent-report version of PTSD-RI	General public	796	Quarantined parents:28%; non-quarantined parents:5.8%; quarantined children:30%; non-quarantined children:1.1%	7^a
Song et al. [74]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	HCW	14825	9.1%	7^a
Styra et al. [108]	2008	Canada	SARS	During	IES-R	HCW	248	/	8^a
Su et al. [81]	2007	China	SARS	1	DTS-C	HCW	102	28.4%	5^b
Sun et al. [76]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public; HCW	1722 320	G: 5.2% H: 4.4%	8^a
Sun et al. [77]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES	General public	1912	17.67%	8^a
Tan et al. [78]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES-R	General public	673	10.8%	8^a
Tang et al. [79]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	2485	2.7%	8^a
Tham et al. [80]	2004	Singapore	SARS	6	IES	HCW	96	17.7%	9^a
Tian et al. [18]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PTSD-SS	General public	87	2.3%	6^a
Wang et al. [83]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	HCW	202	16.83%	10^a
Wang et al. [82]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	SASRQ	HCW	332	38.3%	9^a
Wei et al. [93]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	IES-R	General public	266	60.2%	8^a
Wu et al. [84]	2005	China	SARS	1 and 3	IES-R	Patients	131	1 mo: 4%; 3 mo: 5%	6^a
Wu et al. [85]	2009	China	SARS	36	IES-R	HCW	549	10%	6^a
Xu et al. [94]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	2514	11.2%	7^a
Xu et al. [86]	2011	China	H1N1	During	PCL-C	General public	1082	2%	7^a
Yan et al. [87]	2004	China	SARS	3	CIDI2.1	Patients	286	9.79%	7^a
Yang et al. [95]	2007	China	SARS	12	CCMD-III	HCW	112	8.92%	6^a
Yin et al. [88]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	HCW	371	3.8%	9^a
Zhang et al. [96]	2006	China	SARS	Not clear	IES-R	Patients; HCW; general public	296	P: 55.10% H: 25.80% G: 31.18%	6^a
Zhang et al. [97]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-C	General public	4255	10.6%	6^a
Zhao et al. [89]	2020	China	COVID-19	During	PCL-5	General public	515	5.6%	7^a

ASDI Acute Stress Disorder Inventory, ASDS Acute Stress Disorder Scale, CCMD-III the Third Edition of Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders, CIDI2.1 the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1, CIES-R the Chinese Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, DSM-IV the Fourth Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DTS-C Chinese version of the Davidson Trauma Scale, GPS-SPSS the Global Psychotrauma Screen, posttraumatic stress symptoms subscale, ICD-10 the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, IES Impact of Event Scale, IES-R Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R-K IES-R-Korean Version, IES-6 validated, shortened version of the full IES-R, ITQ the International Trauma Questionnaire, PCL-C PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, PCL-C-2 PCL-C-Reduced Version, PCL-5 PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, PTSD-RI Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, PTSD-SS PTSD self-rating scale, SASRQ Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire, SCID the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, STSS Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, TSQ Trauma Screening Questionnaire.
^aAHRQ: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
^bNOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

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Table 1 Summary of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies included in meta-analysis.

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