Fig. 1: Schematic representation of maturation of behavioral capacities in relation to developmental milestones in rodents.

The different ontogenetic stages illustrated are: the early postnatal period (first 3 weeks of life) divided into the neonatal period (first 2 weeks), the juvenile period (2nd and 3rd week postnatal), and the adolescent period (4th–8th week postnatal). Learning capacity emerges sequentially from the simple to the complex. This succession of distinct competencies are adaptive at a particular period characterized by the state of maturity of sensorimotor functions, hormonal system, and of cerebral structures. The hippocampal formation, and the DG in particular, a key structure involved in episodic memory, presents a protracted development. The red square represents the end of maturation of Boundary cells (PND16), Head direction cells (PND 19), Grid cells (PND 20) and Place cells (P50) in the hippocampal formation. Adapted from [24, 31, 32, 218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226].