Fig. 1: Association studies of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM) in humans.

a NSM activity in serum is increased in patients with alcohol use disorder in early abstinence admitted for detoxification treatment compared to age-matched healthy controls (numbers for group size indicated at x-axis, ***P < 0.001). b A genetic haplotype association study in healthy humans showed significant associations of the NSM encoding SMPD3 gene haplotype 26 (Hap26) with bone mineral density of the femur and (c) hippocampal, but not insula volume (n = 4515; 52.9% female; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 vs. non-Hap26 carriers).