Table 2 Inflammatory signal expression of aged immune cells and functional changes that arise from altered cytokine/chemokine production.
From: Age-related immune alterations and cerebrovascular inflammation
Cell Type | Total cell count | Inflammatory signal expression | ROS production | Phagocytosis | Overall function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neutrophils | = | ↑ G-CSF, IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, INFγ, TNFα | = | ↑ | ↑ migration to inflammatory sites | [241] |
Dendritic cells | ↑ | ↑IL-6, TNFα | ↑ | ↓ | ↓TLR expression | |
Natural killer cells | ↑ | ↑ INFγ | ↓ | N/A | ↓cytotoxicity and chemotaxis | [243] |
T-cells | Naïve: ↓ Memory: ↑ | ↑IL-6, TNFα ↓ IL-2 | ↑ | N/A | ↓ TCR repertoire | |
B-cells | Naïve: ↓ Memory: ↑ | ↑ IL-10, IL-4, TNFα | N/A | N/A | ↓ clonal expansion | [247] |
Microglia | ↑ activated phenotype and dystrophic cells | ↑ CCL11, TGFβ, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ TLRs, MHCII |
