Table 2 Estimated marginal mean scores of clinical ratings in controls and Long COVID patients divided into two groups one with highly increased body temperature, lowered SpO2 and high nitro-oxidative stress (LC + O&NS) versus another group with fewer changes in these biomarkers (LC).

From: Long-COVID post-viral chronic fatigue and affective symptoms are associated with oxidative damage, lowered antioxidant defenses and inflammation: a proof of concept and mechanism study

Biomarkerse

ControlsA

Cluster 1 or LC (n = 67)

Cluster 2: LC  + O&NS (n = 51)

F

df

p

Total HAMD

6.01 (0.82)B,C

15.24 (0.61)A,C

20.17 (0.70)A,B

88.39

2/147

<0.0001

Total HAMA

7.65 (1.27)B,C

17.78 (0.94)A,C

23.72 (1.08)A,B

46.95

2/147

<0.0001

Total FF

7.11 (1.66)B,C

23.30 (1.24)A,C

31.06 (1.42)A,B

61.66

2/147

<0.0001

Depression HAMD

1.65 (0.29)B,C

4.22 (0.21)A,C

5.85 (0.25)A,B

62.39

2/147

<0.0001

Somatic HAMD

1.65 (0.34)B,C

4.34 (0.26)A,C

5.92 (0.29)A,B

44.95

2/147

<0.0001

Anxiety HAMA

1.65 (0.33)B,C

3.38 (0.25)A

4.06 (0.28)A

16.26

2/147

<0.0001

Somatic HAMA

3.17 (0.61)B,C

7.86 (0.46)A,C

11.52 (0.53)A,B

53.57

2/147

<0.0001

Somatic FF

4.61 (1.01)B,C

15.69 (0.76)A,C

20.71 (0.87)A,B

74.64

2/147

<0.0001

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (z score)

−1.167 (0.118)B,C

0.043 (0.088)A,C

0.766 (0.101)A,B

77.78

2/147

<0.001

Autonomic symptoms (z score)

−1.157 (0.122)B,C

0.139 (0.091)A,C

0.623 (0.104)A,B

64.53

2/147

<0.0001

Sleep disorders (z score)

−0.936 (0.141)B,C

0.022 (0.105)A

0.591 (0.121)A

34.10

2/147

<0.0001

Fatigue (z score)

−1.036 (0.136)B,C

0.167 (0.102)A

0.519 (0.117)A

40.42

2/147

<0.0001

Gastro-intestinal symptoms (z score)

−0.915 (0.143)B,C

0.117 (0.107)A,C

0.474 (0.123)A,B

28.59

2/147

<0.0001

Cognitive disorders (z score)

−0.532 (0.163)B,C

0.074 (0.122)A

0.257 (0.140)A

7.22

2/147

0.002

  1. All results are shown as mean (SD) or as ratios. A,B,Cposthoc comparisons among group means.
  2. FF Fibro Fatigue scale, HAMD Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMA Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; neuropsychiatric symptoms: z unit-based composite score based on FF, HAMD, and HAMA scores.