Table 3  Intercorrelations between immune, oxidative stress toxicity (OSTOX) and antioxidant (ANTIOX) indices and oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak body temperature, C-reactive protein (CRP), and clinical rating scale scores.

From: Long-COVID post-viral chronic fatigue and affective symptoms are associated with oxidative damage, lowered antioxidant defenses and inflammation: a proof of concept and mechanism study

Variables

OSTOX /ANTIOX

BTO2ONS index

Total sample

Long COVID

Total sample

Long COVID

SpO2

−0.405

−0.328

  

Body temperature

0.277

0.032$

  

CRP

0.123$

0.079$

0.432

0.391

Total HAMD

0.388

0.356

0.710

0.516

Total HAMA

0.384

0.299

0.677

0.495

Total FF

0.417

0.358

0.705

0.502

Depression HAMD

0.371

0.307

0.604

0.342

Somatic HAMD

0.386

0.312

0.634

0.427

Anxiety HAMA

0.248

0.120$

0.472

0.270

Somatic HAMA

0.405

0.344

0.711

0.570

Somatic FF

0.417

0.358

0.732

0.535

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (z score)

0.435

0.376

0.752

0.574

Autonomic symptoms (z score)

0.388

0.310

0.713

0.515

Sleep disorders (z score)

0.298

0.232*

0.573

0.391

Fatigue (z score)

0.382

0.306

0.622

0.392

GIS (z score)

0.238

0.168$

0.514

0.306

Cognitive disorders (z score)

0.234

0.189*

0.338

0.202$

n

n = 156

N = 120

n = 156

n = 120

  1. All at p < 0.01, except *p < 0.05 and $nonsignificant. The latter was computed in the total (n = 156) and the restricted sample (n = 120) of Long COVID patients.
  2. FF Fibro Fatigue scale, HAMD Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMA Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, GIS gastrointestinal system, BTO2ONS a z unit-based composite score based on body temperature, SpO2, OSTOX and ANTIOX.
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