Table 5 Results of multiple regression analyses with clinical measurements as dependent variables and oxidative stress toxicity (OSTOX) and antioxidant (ANTIOX) biomarkers as explanatory variables.

From: Long-COVID post-viral chronic fatigue and affective symptoms are associated with oxidative damage, lowered antioxidant defenses and inflammation: a proof of concept and mechanism study

Regression

Explanatory variables

β

t

p

F model

df

p

R2

#1. Depression HAMD

Model

23.16

5/150

<0.001

0.441

Body temperature

0.390

5.12

<0.001

OSTOX

2.37

3.70

<0.001

SpO2

−0.195

−2.49

0.014

Education

−0.161

−2.59

0.011

Age

−0.137

−2.21

0.028

#2. Somatic HAMD

Model

30.59

4/151

<0.001

0.448

SpO2

−0.427

−5.48

<0.001

Body temperature

0.238

3.14

0.002

Astra + Pfizer

0.158

2.57

0.011

NO

0.149

2.41

0.017

#3. Depression HAMA

Model

26.14

3/152

<0.001

0.340

SpO2

−0.511

−7.64

<0.001

Female sex

0.223

−3.38

<0.001

Astra + Pfizer

0.133

1.99

0.048

#4. Somatic HAMA

Model

41.14

5/150

<0.001

0.578

SpO2

−0.533

−7.78

<0.001

Body temperature

0.241

3.61

<0.001

Astra + Pfizer

−0.134

2.50

0.014

NO

0.123

2.27

0.025

Femal sex

−0.114

−2.13

0.035

#5. Somatic FF

Model

53.60

4/151

<0.001

0.587

SpO2

−0.457

−6.84

<0.001

Body temperature

0.322

4.95

<0.001

NO

0.151

2.80

0.006

MDA

0.132

2.49

0.014

#6. Neuropsychiatric symptoms score

Model

59.77

4/151

<0.001

0.613

SpO2

−0.531

−8.02

<0.001

Body temperature

0.246

3.90

<0.001

OSTOX/ANTIOX

0.151

2.73

0.007

Female sex

0.111

2.19

0.030

#7. OSTOX/ANTIOX

Model

30.26

1/154

<0.001

0.164

SpO2

−0.405

−5.50

<0.001

#9. CRP

Model

46.14

2/153

<0.001

0.376

Body Temperature

0.568

8.90

<0.001

Male sex

0.245

3.83

<0.001

  1. These regression analyses are performed in patients and controls combined.
  2. Gpx Glutathione peroxidase, MDA malondialdehyde, NO nitric oxide, SpO2 peripheral oxygen saturation, FF Fibro-Fatigue scale, HAMD Hamilton Depression Rating scale, HAMA Hamilton Anxiety Rating scale, Astra+Pfizer vaccination with either AstraZeneca or Pfizer-BioNTech (versus Sinopharm S), CRP C-reactive protein.