Table 1 Demographics (at T1, unless otherwise specified) and total brain measures.

From: Cross-sectional and longitudinal neuroanatomical profiles of distinct clinical (adaptive) outcomes in autism

Measure

Decreasers

n = 53

No-changers

n = 42

Increasers

n = 66

Test Statistic (autistic subgroups)

Autism N = 161

Neurotypicals

N = 172

Test statistic (autisticSD vs. neurotypical participants)

ADI social

16.21 ± 7.3

17.93 ± 5.7

16.29 ± 6.9 (65)

F2,157 = 0.962

p = 0.384

1.69 ± 6.7 (160)

   

ADI comm

13.26 ± 5.8

14.64 ± 5.7

12.89 ± 5.6 (65)

F2,157 = 1.258

p = 0.287

13.48 ± 5.7 (160)

   

ADI RRB

3.98 ± 2.8

5.17 ± 2.6

3.52 ± 2.2 (65)

F2,157 = 5.459

p = 0.005

4.11 ± 2.6 (160)

   

Age (Years)

17.07 ± 6.7

14.68 ± 4.3

18.10 ± 4.7

F2,158 = 5.337

p = 0.006

16.87 ± 5.5

16.35 ± 5.7

F1,331 = 0.727

p = 0.394

CSS total

5.35 ± 2.9 (52)

5.60 ± 2.8 (40)

4.83 ± 2.5 (63)

F2,152 = 1.090

p = 0.339

5.20 ± 2.74 (155)

   

CSS SA

6.02 ± 2.8 (52)

6.25 ± 2.6 (40)

5.48 ± 2.5 (63)

F2,152 = 1.187

p = 0.308

5.86 ± 2.7 (155)

   

CSS RRB

4.77 ± 2.8 (52)

4.63 ± 2.7 (40)

4.29 ± 2.9 (63)

F2,152 = 0.450

p = 0.638

4.54 ± 2.8 (155)

   

FSIQ

95.75 ± 18.9

105.06 ± 22.6

104.63 ± 17.8

F2,158 = 3.832

p = 0.024

101.82 ± 19.8

107.05 ± 16.5

F1,331 = 6.888

p = 0.009

ID

9

5

5

χ22 = 2.499

p = 0.287

19

11

χ21 = 2.965

p = 0.085

Mean CT (mm)

2.68 ± 0.1

2.71 ± 0.1

2.67 ± 0.1

F2,158 = 1.586

p = 0.208

2.69 ± 0.1

2.69 ± 0.1

F1,331 = 0.012

p = 0.912

Sex

25 F, 28 M

6 F, 36 M

19 F, 47 M

χ22 = 12.103

p = 0.002

50 F, 111 M

64 F, 108 M

χ21 = 1.399

p = 0.250

Time (yrs)

1.60 ± 0.3

1.60 ± 0.3

1.64 ± 0.2

F2,158 = 0.494

p = 0.611

1.62 ± 0.3

1.59 ± 0.3

F1,331 = 1.041

p = 0.308

Total SA (cm2)

2230.11 ± 271.08

2349.98 ± 159.96

2308.22 ± 228.0

F2,158 = 3.459

p = 0.034

2293.40 ± 232.0

2316.47 ± 225.0

F1,331 = 0.848

p = 0.358

T1 V Comm

81.60 ± 18.3

77.00 ± 12.5

73.74 ± 13.5

F2,158 = 4.031

p = 0.020

77.18 ± 15.3

   

T1 V Daily living

77.98 ± 18.7

76.90 ± 15.4

71.86 ± 12.4

F2,158 = 2.642

p = 0.074

75.19 ± 15.6

   

T1 V Social

73.38 ± 14.9

71.98 ± 11.2

70.55 ± 15.4

F2,158 = 0.582

p = 0.560

71.85 ± 14.2

   

T1 V Standard

75.60 ± 15.2

73.31 ± 10.1

69.50 ± 11.0

F2,158 = 3.717

p = 0.026

72.50 ± 12.5

   

∆ V Comm

−15.06 ± 13.1

−2.55 ± 6.8

9.15 ± 13.0

F2,158 = 62.752

p < 0.001

−1.87 ± 15.6

   

∆ V Daily living

−10.40 ± 8.5

0.14 ± 7.4

8.59 ± 8.7

F2,158 = 76.666

p < 0.001

0.14 ± 11.6

   

∆ V Social

−7.83 ± 9.9

2.45 ± 7.8

12.36 ± 10.1

F2,158 = 66.828

p < 0.001

3.13 ± 12.8

   

∆ V standard

−11.23 ± 8.0

0.05 ± 2.0

9.86 ± 5.5

F2,158 = 187.437

p < 0.001

0.36 ± 10.8

   

T2 V Comm

66.55 ± 22.1

74.45 ± 11.3

82.89 ± 15.1

F2,158 = 13.710

p < 0.001

75.31 ± 18.3

   

T2 V Daily living

67.58 ± 16.9

77.05 ± 16.8

80.45 ± 12.9

F2,158 = 10.668

p < 0.001

75.33 ± 16.3

   

T2 V Social

65.55 ± 19.9

74.43 ± 11.0

82.91 ± 13.7

F2,158 = 18.497

p < 0.001

74.98 ± 17.1

   

T2 V Standard

64.38 ± 18.7

73.36 ± 10.8

79.36 ± 11.0

F2,158 = 16.961

p < 0.001

72.86 ± 15.3

   
  1. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n, unless as specified at the top of the column).
  2. ADI autism diagnostic interview (comm: communication subscale, rrb restricted and repetitive behaviour subscale, social social subscale), CSS autism diagnostic observation schedule calibrated severity score (sa social affect subscale, rrb restricted and repetitive behaviour subscale, total overall score), CT cortical thickness, F female, FSIQ full-scale IQ, ID intellectual disability, M male, SA surface area, T1 measure at timepoint 1, T2 measure at timepoint 2, V Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (comm communication domain, daily living daily living domain, social social domain, standard composite score), ∆ measurement of change between timepoint 1 and 2.
  3. P values are not corrected for multiple comparisons.
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