Fig. 1: Mindfulness-based neurofeedback (mbNF).

During mbNF, participants were instructed to practice mindfulness to move the white dot on the screen up into the red circle. The movement of the white dot was dependent on a real-time analysis of the fMRI data that computed the difference in personalized DMN and CEN activations. When DMN activation is lower than CEN activation, the white dot moves up; when DMN activation is higher than CEN activation, the white dot moves down.