Fig. 2: QQ plot comparison of sex-adjusted and sex-stratified meta-analyses models in a simulation set-up.
From: Sex effects on DNA methylation affect discovery in epigenome-wide association study of schizophrenia

Scenario A effect size in females = males, scenario B effect size in females= twice that of males, scenario C effect size in females = four times that of males, and scenario D effect size in females = eight times that of males.