Table 1 Summary of included meta-analyses.

From: Placebo effects in randomized trials of pharmacological and neurostimulation interventions for mental disorders: An umbrella review

						Outcomes of Interest Reported
Age Group or Sub-population	Reference	Mental Disorder	k	N	Mean Duration (weeks)	Placebo Effect Size	Correlates of Placebo Effect Size	Methodological Quality
Adults
	Scott AJ et al., 2022 [50]	Major Depressive Disorder	347	89,183	8.92	Yes	No	Low
	Furukawa et al., 2016 [51]	Major Depressive Disorder	252	26,324	7.10	No	Yes	Low
	Leucht et al., 2018 [59]	Schizophrenia Spectrum	167	28,102	6.00	No	Yes	Low
	Agid et al., 2013 [38]	Schizophrenia Spectrum	61	14,787	6.25	Yes	Yes	Critically low
	Bandelow et al., 2015 [57]	GAD, SAD	88	20,750	10.14	Yes	Yes	Critically low
	Ahmadzad-Asl et al., 2022 [56]	Panic Disorder	43	2392	8.51	Yes	Yes	Critically low
	Silva et al., 2017 [68]	Restless Legs Syndrome	85	5046	7.87	Yes	Yes	Critically low
	Del Re et al., 2013 [61]	Alcohol Use Disorder	47	NR	NR	Yes	Yes	Critically low
	Winkler and Rief, 2015 [67]	Primary Insomnia	32	3969	4.53	Yes	No	Critically low
	Curie et al., 2015 [65]	Intellectual Disability	22	721	35.00	Yes	Yes	Critically low
	Iovieno et al., 2016 [64]	Bipolar Depression	15	7502	7.50	No	Yes	Critically low
Children & Adolescents
	Locher et al., 2017 [55]	Major Depressive Disorder,
		Anxiety Disorders	27	5840	9.89	Yes	No	Critically low
	Meister et al., 2020 [54]	Major Depressive Disorder	24	2229	10.04	No	Yes	Critically low
Older Adults (>60 years)
	Pinquart et al., 2007 [58]	Anxiety Disorders	13	1273	8.00	Yes	No	Critically low
Mixed Ages
	Faraone et al., 2022 [62]	ADHD	123	19,753	7.42	Yes	Yes	High
	Siafis et al., 2020 [63]	Autism Spectrum	86	5365	11.20	Yes	Yes	High
	Mohamadi et al., 2022 [66]	OCD	49	1993	13.00	Yes	Yes	Critically low
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
	Czobor et al., 2022 [60]	Schizophrenia Spectrum	25	4391	14.80	Yes	Yes	Critically low
Treatment-Resistant
	Scott F et al., 2022 [52]	Major Depressive Disorder	115	21,172	9.00	Yes	No	Low
Neurostimulation
	Razza et al., 2018 [53]	Major Depressive Disorder	61	1328	NR	Yes	Yes	Critically low

k number of component studies, N number of patients, GAD generalised anxiety disorder, SAD social anxiety disorder, ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder, NR not reported.

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Table 1 Summary of included meta-analyses.

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