Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Dysregulated connectivity configuration of triple-network model in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Molecular Psychiatry volume 30, pages 3138–3149 (2025)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is signified by altered functional network connectivity (FNC), particularly within the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SAL), and fronto-parietal network (FPN). While previous studies suggest disruptions within triple networks, dynamic causal interactions across networks remain unaddressed. This study seeks to validate previous findings of static dysconnectivity between triple networks and further delineate the time-varying interactions and causal relationships among these networks in OCD. A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed on a relatively large and well-characterized clinical sample, comprising 88 medication-free OCD patients and 93 healthy controls (HC). Group independent component analysis, combined with a sliding window approach and k-means clustering analysis, was used to assess static and dynamic time-varying FNC within triple networks. Spectral dynamic causal modelling and parametric empirical Bayes framework were utilized to explore the abnormal effective connectivity among these networks in OCD patients. Our results proposed a novel dysregulated connectivity configuration of the triple-network model for OCD. With the self-inhibition increase in the left FPN, the excitatory effect onto the right FPN decrease, resulting in a weakened static connectivity between the left and right FPNs. Concurrently, time-varying hypoconnectivity patterns are observed between the left FPN and DMN, as well as the right FPN and SAL in OCD. Additionally, the excitatory influence from the DMN to the SAL suggests an atypical modulation within OCD’s network pathology. These findings advance our understanding of the dysregulated information transfer and the complex interplay of brain networks in OCD, potentially guiding future therapeutic strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Triple networks identification using group independent component analysis.
Fig. 2: Group differences of static within-network and between-network connectivity.
Fig. 3: Dynamic functional connectivity states and temporal properties of each state.
Fig. 4: Group differences of functional connectivity strength in each dynamic state.
Fig. 5: Group differences of effective connectivity and the schematic representation of dysconnectivity configuration within the triple-network model.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

References

  1. Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 2009;374:491–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCL, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:52.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Benzina N, Mallet L, Burguière E, N’Diaye K, Pelissolo A. Cognitive dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18:80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Menon V. Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;15:483–506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V. A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:12569–74.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Gürsel DA, Avram M, Sorg C, Brandl F, Koch K. Frontoparietal areas link impairments of large-scale intrinsic brain networks with aberrant fronto-striatal interactions in OCD: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;87:151–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bruin WB, Abe Y, Alonso P, Anticevic A, Backhausen LL, Balachander S, et al. The functional connectome in obsessive-compulsive disorder: resting-state mega-analysis and machine learning classification for the ENIGMA-OCD consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:4320.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Tomiyama H, Murayama K, Nemoto K, Hasuzawa S, Mizobe T, Kato K, et al. Alterations of default mode and cingulo-opercular salience network and frontostriatal circuit: a candidate endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2022;116:110516.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fan J, Zhong M, Gan J, Liu W, Niu C, Liao H, et al. Altered connectivity within and between the default mode, central executive, and salience networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;223:106–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fan J, Zhong M, Zhu X, Gan J, Liu W, Niu C, et al. Resting-state functional connectivity between right anterior insula and right orbital frontal cortex correlate with insight level in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;15:1–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Beucke JC, Sepulcre J, Eldaief MC, Sebold M, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C. Default mode network subsystem alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205:376–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Li P, Yang X, Greenshaw AJ, Li S, Luo J, Han H, et al. The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on resting-state functional brain network in drug-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e00963.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Cyr M, Pagliaccio D, Yanes-Lukin P, Fontaine M, Rynn MA, Marsh R. Altered network connectivity predicts response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45:1232–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Shi TC, Pagliaccio D, Cyr M, Simpson HB, Marsh R. Network-based functional connectivity predicts response to exposure therapy in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46:1035–44.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Gürsel DA, Reinholz L, Bremer B, Schmitz-Koep B, Franzmeier N, Avram M, et al. Frontoparietal and salience network alterations in obsessive–compulsive disorder: insights from independent component and sliding time window analyses. J Psychiatry Neurosc. 2020;45:214–21.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Luo L, Li Q, You W, Wang Y, Tang W, Li B, et al. Altered brain functional network dynamics in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42:2061–76.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu J, Li X, Xue K, Chen Y, Wang K, Niu Q, et al. Abnormal dynamics of functional connectivity in first-episode and treatment-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;75:14–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yan CG, Wang XD, Zuo XN, Zang YF. DPABI: data processing & analysis for (Resting-State) brain imaging. Neuroinformatics. 2016;14:339–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE. Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. NeuroImage. 2012;59:2142–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Supekar K, Cai W, Krishnadas R, Palaniyappan L, Menon V. Dysregulated brain dynamics in a triple-network saliency model of schizophrenia and its relation to psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85:60–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Beckmann CF, Smith SM. Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2004;23:137–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Himberg J, Hyvärinen A, Esposito F. Validating the independent components of neuroimaging time series via clustering and visualization. NeuroImage. 2004;22:1214–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kim J, Criaud M, Cho SS, Diez-Cirarda M, Mihaescu A, Coakeley S, et al. Abnormal intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2017;140:2955–67.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Fiorenzato E, Strafella AP, Kim J, Schifano R, Weis L, Antonini A, et al. Dynamic functional connectivity changes associated with dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2019;142:2860–72.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Calhoun VD, Adali T, Pearlson GD, Pekar JJ. A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Hum Brain Mapp. 2001;14:140–51.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Yeo BT, Krienen FM, Sepulcre J, Sabuncu MR, Lashkari D, Hollinshead M, et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol. 2011;106:1125–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shirer WR, Ryali S, Rykhlevskaia E, Menon V, Greicius MD. Decoding subject-driven cognitive states with whole-brain connectivity patterns. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22:158–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Allen EA, Damaraju E, Plis SM, Erhardt EB, Eichele T, Calhoun VD. Tracking whole-brain connectivity dynamics in the resting state. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:663–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rashid B, Arbabshirani MR, Damaraju E, Cetin MS, Miller R, Pearlson GD, et al. Classification of schizophrenia and bipolar patients using static and dynamic resting-state fMRI brain connectivity. NeuroImage. 2016;134:645–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Preti MG, Bolton TA, Van De Ville D. The dynamic functional connectome: State-of-the-art and perspectives. NeuroImage. 2017;160:41–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Smith SM, Miller KL, Salimi-Khorshidi G, Webster M, Beckmann CF, Nichols TE, et al. Network modelling methods for FMRI. NeuroImage. 2011;54:875–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics. 2008;9:432–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Aggarwal CC, Hinneburg A, Keim DA. On the surprising behavior of distance metrics in high dimensional space. In: Int. conf. on database theory 2001. LNCS vol 1973, pp 420–34. Springer; 2001.

  34. Friston KJ, Kahan J, Biswal B, Razi A. A DCM for resting state fMRI. NeuroImage. 2014;94:396–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Zeidman P, Jafarian A, Corbin N, Seghier ML, Razi A, Price CJ, et al. A guide to group effective connectivity analysis, part 1: first level analysis with DCM for fMRI. NeuroImage. 2019;200:174–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zeidman P, Jafarian A, Seghier ML, Litvak V, Cagnan H, Price CJ, et al. A guide to group effective connectivity analysis, part 2: second level analysis with PEB. NeuroImage. 2019;200:12–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Marchesi O, Bonacchi R, Valsasina P, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Resting state effective connectivity abnormalities of the Papez circuit and cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:3913–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ray D, Bezmaternykh D, Mel’nikov M, Friston KJ, Das M. Altered effective connectivity in sensorimotor cortices is a signature of severity and clinical course in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2105730118.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Thomas GEC, Zeidman P, Sultana T, Zarkali A, Razi A, Weil RS. Changes in both top-down and bottom-up effective connectivity drive visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Commun. 2022;5:fcac329.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Friston KJ, Litvak V, Oswal A, Razi A, Stephan KE, van Wijk BCM, et al. Bayesian model reduction and empirical Bayes for group (DCM) studies. NeuroImage. 2016;128:413–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Penny WD, Stephan KE, Daunizeau J, Rosa MJ, Friston KJ, Schofield TM, et al. Comparing families of dynamic causal models. PLOS Comput Biol. 2010;6:e1000709.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Zhou Y, Friston KJ, Zeidman P, Chen J, Li S, Razi A. The hierarchical organization of the default, dorsal attention and salience networks in adolescents and young adults. Cereb Cortex. 2018;28:726–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kass RE, Raftery AE. Bayes factors. J Am Stat Assoc. 1995;90:430.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cole MW, Reynolds JR, Power JD, Repovs G, Anticevic A, Braver TS. Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1348–55.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Marek S, Dosenbach NUF. The frontoparietal network: function, electrophysiology, and importance of individual precision mapping. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20:133–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Dosenbach NUF, Fair DA, Miezin FM, Cohen AL, Wenger KK, Dosenbach RA, et al. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:11073–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Dosenbach NUF, Fair DA, Cohen AL, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE. A dual-networks architecture of top-down control. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008;12:99–105.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Liu J, Cao L, Li H, Gao Y, Bu X, Liang K, et al. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;135:104574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fornaro S, Vallesi A. Functional connectivity abnormalities of brain networks in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a systematic review. Curr Psychol. 2023;43:900–30.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Shephard E, Stern ER, van den Heuvel OA, Costa DLC, Batistuzzo MC, Godoy PBG, et al. Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:4583–604.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. de Vries FE, de Wit SJ, Cath DC, van der Werf YD, van der Borden V, van Rossum TB, et al. Compensatory frontoparietal activity during working memory: an endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:878–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gonçalves ÓF, Carvalho S, Leite J, Fernandes-Gonçalves A, Carracedo A, Sampaio A. Cognitive and emotional impairments in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from functional brain alterations. Porto Biomed J. 2016;1:92–105.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Vaghi MM, Hampshire A, Fineberg NA, Kaser M, Bruhl AB, Sahakian BJ, et al. Hypoactivation and dysconnectivity of a frontostriatal circuit during goal-directed planning as an endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017;2:655–63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Cath DC, van Hartskamp J, Barkhof F, et al. Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:301–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Vaghi MM, Vértes PE, Kitzbichler MG, Apergis-Schoute AM, van der Flier FE, Fineberg NA, et al. Specific frontostriatal circuits for impaired cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from resting-state functional connectivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:708–17.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Page LA, Rubia K, Deeley Q, Daly E, Toal F, Mataix-Cols D, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2009;174:202–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wang D, Buckner RL, Liu H. Functional specialization in the human brain estimated by intrinsic hemispheric interaction. J Neurosci. 2014;34:12341–52.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Chen AC, Oathes DJ, Chang C, Bradley T, Zhou ZW, Williams LM, et al. Causal interactions between fronto-parietal central executive and default-mode networks in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:19944–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Stern ER, Fitzgerald KD, Welsh RC, Abelson JL, Taylor SF. Resting-state functional connectivity between fronto-parietal and default mode networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36356.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Liu Q, Gao F, Wang X, Xia J, Yuan G, Zheng S, et al. Cognitive inflexibility is linked to abnormal frontoparietal-related activation and connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44:5460–70.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Chen YH, Li SF, Lv D, Zhu GD, Wang YH, Meng X, et al. Decreased intrinsic functional connectivity of the salience network in drug-naĂŻve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:889.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Li H, Hu X, Gao Y, Cao L, Zhang L, Bu X, et al. Neural primacy of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;28:102432.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Xu Y, Han S, Wei Y, Zheng R, Cheng J, Zhang Y. Abnormal resting-state effective connectivity in large-scale networks among obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2024;54:350–58.

  65. Olatunji BO, Ferreira-Garcia R, Caseras X, Fullana MA, Wooderson S, Speckens A, et al. Predicting response to cognitive behavioral therapy in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2125–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Liang K, Li H, Bu X, Li X, Cao L, Liu J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:332.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Posner J, Song I, Lee S, Rodriguez CI, Moore H, Marsh R, et al. Increased functional connectivity between the default mode and salience networks in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:678–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Geffen T, Smallwood J, Finke C, Olbrich S, Sjoerds Z, Schlagenhauf F. Functional connectivity alterations between default mode network and occipital cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Neuroimage Clin. 2022;33:102915.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Xia J, Fan J, Liu W, Du H, Zhu J, Yi J, et al. Functional connectivity within the salience network differentiates autogenous- from reactive-type obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020;98:109813.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82372080, 82402422), the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2024NSFSC1558), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2024M752241), the Postdoctor Research Fund of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Grant No. 2024HXBH008), and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFF1202400).

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Hailong Li, Bin Li.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Institution of Radiology and Medical Imaging, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China

    Hailong Li, Lingxiao Cao, Shuangwei Chai, Huan Zhou, Yingxue Gao, Lianqing Zhang, Zilin Zhou, Xinyue Hu, Weijie Bao, Qiyong Gong & Xiaoqi Huang

  2. Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China

    Hailong Li, Lingxiao Cao, Shuangwei Chai, Huan Zhou, Yingxue Gao, Lianqing Zhang, Zilin Zhou, Xinyue Hu, Weijie Bao, Qiyong Gong & Xiaoqi Huang

  3. Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China

    Bin Li & Jiaxin Jiang

  4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA

    Bharat B. Biswal

  5. MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China

    Bharat B. Biswal

  6. Xiamen Key Lab of Psychoradiology and Neuromodulation, Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital, Sichuan University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China

    Qiyong Gong & Xiaoqi Huang

Authors
  1. Hailong Li
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bin Li
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lingxiao Cao
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiaxin Jiang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shuangwei Chai
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Huan Zhou
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yingxue Gao
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Lianqing Zhang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Zilin Zhou
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xinyue Hu
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Weijie Bao
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Bharat B. Biswal
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Qiyong Gong
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Xiaoqi Huang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HL, BL, QG and XH designed research; HL, BL, LC, JJ, SC and HZ performed research; YG, LZ, XH and BB contributed analytic tools; HL, BL, ZZ and WB analyzed data; HL, BB and wrote the paper; QG, BB and XH reviewed the paper.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Qiyong Gong or Xiaoqi Huang.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, H., Li, B., Cao, L. et al. Dysregulated connectivity configuration of triple-network model in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 30, 3138–3149 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-02921-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Version of record:

  • Issue date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-02921-5

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links