Fig. 4: tRF families differ significantly between stressed and control groups, with some inverse effects between mothers and newborns.

a tRF families were defined based on their genome origin, cleavage type, and parental tRNA coded amino acid. Only families with one or more members were included in the analysis. The Exact Binomial test (FDR ≤ 0.05) was used to quantify the tendency for decreased expression levels in the stress groups. b Bar plot presenting direction of change in each tRF family. Bar size reflects the number of tRFs in the identified family, with positive values indicating increased levels and negative values indicating decreased levels in the stressed groups. Bar color indicates the significance level, empty bars depict newborns and patterned bars depict mothers. The plot shows the results of males and females together. Sex-separated results are available in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4. Created with BioRender.