Fig. 5: Interactive associations of educational attainment and elevated plasma AD-related biomarkers on cognitive decline by using linear mixed-effects models.

Beta-coefficients (95% confidence intervals) were derived from the linear mixed effects-models that were adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, townsend deprivation index, assessment center, smoking status, alcohol use, APOE ε4 allele, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular arterial disease, and history of COVID-19 infection. GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, NfL neurofilament light chain, CI confidence interval.