Fig. 5: Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in BD iAstrocytes and its reduction by lithium in Li-R.

a Representative images of BODIPY stained control and BD iAstrocytes. Green indicates BODIPY and blue indicates DAPI. Scale bar=10 μm. b Quantification of the ratio of BODIPY area to total cell area and the number of BODIPY puncta in control and BD iAstrocytes. c Detection of LD in iAstrocytes using holotomography (HT). Signals from BODIPY, a chemical labeling LD and refractive index (RI) > 1.39 are colocalized. For further LD analysis, RI over 1.39 was used. (MIP-maximum intensity projection). d Representative holotomograms displaying the subcellular structure of iAstrocytes, presenting a RI range from 1.34 to 1.41. e-h Quantification of LDs in control and BD iAstrocytes, with lithium treatment to Li-R. Measurements of LD volume, LD number and cell volume between groups and in response to lithium are shown in e, f, and g, respectively. LD volume per unit cell volume in percentage was calculated in h (n = 2 for Ctrl and Li-R with lithium, n = 4 for Li-R, n = 3 for Li-NR1, and n = 2 for Li-NR2 and 3). i. Representative holotomography images of Li-R iAstrocytes with or without lithium treatment.