Fig. 1: Rationale for optimal TMS targeting in schizophrenia based on E-field modeling.

A Systematic review of randomized, sham-controlled trials. B Standard meta-analysis across and within symptom domains, followed by subgroup analysis focused on TMS location and frequency. C Simulation of E-fields for each study, according to specific TMS parameters given in the study. D For each brain tetrahedral element, the correlation between clinical effect size and E-field strength (CEC) is measured. Following the calculation of CEC values, a 2-sided permutation test is employed to statistically assess their significance. All CEC values are displayed on the gray matter volume to identify optimal brain sites where TMS has the most beneficial impact. E Closer distance between actual targets and optimal TMS site is associated with improved clinical effect. Created with BioRender.com.