Table 1 Standard meta-analysis results.

From: Mapping symptom-general and symptom-specific targets for transcranial magnetic stimulation in schizophrenia: an electric-field modeling meta-analysis

TMS montage	n studies; N participants per arm	SMD	95% CI	z	p(z)	I²	τ²
Across symptoms and protocols
Overall effect	91 studies 2269 active; 2014 sham	0.44	[0.30, 0.57]	6.42	<0.00001	77%	0.31
Negative symptoms
Main effect	57 studies 1410 active; 1226 sham	0.48	[0.31, 0.65]	5.57	<0.00001	76%	0.30
subgroup: location
L-PFC	37 studies 1045 active; 908 sham	0.62	[0.41, 0.83]	5.77	<0.00001	79%	0.32
L-TPC	6 studies 96 active; 86 sham	0.08	[−0.27, 0.42]	0.42	0.67	20%	0.04
Cerebellum	5 studies 109 active; 102 sham	0.13	[−0.64, 0.90]	0.33	0.74	81%	0.62
subgroup: frequency
>1 Hz	51 studies 1324 active; 1158 sham	0.52	[0.34, 0.70]	5.67	<0.00001	77%	0.32
=1 Hz	6 studies 86 active; 68 sham	0.06	[−0.31, 0.44]	0.32	0.75	21%	0.05
iTBS (L-PFC)	7 studies 151 active; 137 sham	1.01	[0.44, 1.58]	3.49	<0.001	80%	0.46
10 Hz (L-PFC)	21 studies 599 active; 547 sham	0.52	[0.24, 0.80]	3.67	<0.001	80%	0.32
20 Hz (L-PFC)	7 studies 195 active; 171 sham	0.56	[0.11, 1.00]	2.44	0.015	75%	0.27
Cognitive deficits
Main effect	15 studies 481 active; 455 sham	0.50	[0.30, 0.71]	4.88	<0.0001	53%	0.08
subgroup: location
L-PFC	12 studies 423 active; 407 sham	0.43	[0.26, 0.60]	4.94	<0.00001	29%	0.03
Positive symptoms
Main effect	19 studies 378 active; 333 sham	0.24	[−0.17, 0.64]	1.14	0.25	84%	0.65
subgroup: location
L-TPC	12 studies 222 active; 209 sham	0.44	[0.10, 0.78]	2.51	0.012	64%	0.23
subgroup: frequency
> 1 Hz	6 studies 118 active; 116 sham	0.23	[−0.05, 0.52]	1.59	0.11	0%	0.02
= 1 Hz	13 studies 260 active; 217 sham	0.18	[−0.42, 0.78]	0.60	0.55	89%	1.06
= 1 Hz (L-TPC)	11 studies 190 active; 177 sham	0.49	[0.12, 0.86]	2.59	0.009	63%	0.24

L-PFC left prefrontal cortex, L-TPC left temporoparietal cortex, iTBS intermittent theta burst stimulation.

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