Fig. 1: The gut glycome is compartmentalized between the terminal ileum, right colon, and sigmoid colon of HIV+ ART-suppressed individuals.

a A heat-map representing relative binding of various glycans to lectins in three sites of the gut from 20 HIV+ ART-suppressed individuals. Heat colors show standardized Z-scores across samples; red indicates higher binding levels and blue indicates lower binding levels. ANOVA test and Permanova test on Euclidean distance were used for statistical analysis. b Representative immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining using TJAII lectin (binds to α1,2 fucosylated glycans) on ileum, right colon, and sigmoid colon samples (5 patients for each site), ordered from left to right by levels of lectin binding as assessed by the lectin array. The numbers in the lower right corner are patient IDs. c Analysis of IHC staining as percentage of tissue area positive for α1,2 fucosylation (binding to TJAII) in the three sites. Statistical comparisons were performed using a Mann–Whitney test. Lines and error bars represent mean and standard error of the mean (SEM). d Correlation between IHC and lectin array data, shown as relative binding for TJAII using the lectin microarray and percentage of area positive for TJAII staining using IHC, evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test.