Fig. 1: Intestinal H. polygyrus infection dampens recall responses to mycobacterial antigens in the skin.

Mice were infected with H. polygyrus (Hp) or not (-) and treated according to the experimental outline a Four weeks after Hp infection, one ear was injected intradermally with whole-cell lysate (WCL) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the contralateral ear was left untouched. Ten weeks later, ear cells were co-cultured with BMDCs expressing WCL overnight and analysed by flow cytometry. b Representative FACS plots illustrating the gating strategy used to identify WCL-specific IFN-γ⁺ CD4⁺ T cells. c–f Frequencies and absolute numbers of IFN-γ⁺ , CD4⁺ T cells in WCL injected and contralateral ears, respectively. g, h Absolute numbers of CD4⁺ T cells per ear in WCL injected and contralateral ears, respectively. One out of two independent experiments with similar results are shown. Each dot represents one mouse (n = 5 per group) and bars indicate the mean ± SEM. Statistical differences were analysed by Mann–Whitney U test (c, g) or unpaired t-tests (d–f, h) and depicted as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001.