Fig. 1: Impaired expulsion of N. brasiliensis by MIF-deficient and MIF-inhibitor- (4-IPP) treated mice.

a MIF-sufficient (Mif^+/+) and -deficient (Mif^−/−) mice were infected with 250 N. brasiliensis L3 larvae of a mouse-adapted strain; fecal egg burdens were enumerated from day 6 post-infection. Data are representative of two independent experiments (n = 5 per group). b Mif^+/+ and Mif^−/− mice were infected with 250 N. brasiliensis L3 larvae of a mouse-adapted strain and adult worm numbers counted at day 7. Data are representative of two independent experiments (n = 5 per group). c Adult N. brasiliensis worm count 6 days after infection with 400 N. brasiliensis L3 larvae of a rat-passaged strain in Mif^+/+ and Mif^−/− mice. Data are representative of two independent experiments (n = 5 per group). d Recovery of larval N. brasiliensis from the lungs of Mif^+/+ and Mif^−/− mice, 48 h after subcutaneous injection. Data are pooled from two independent experiments (n = 4–5 per group). e, f Impaired immunity to N. brasiliensis in wild-type BALB/c mice treated with the MIF inhibitor 4-IPP, measured as fecal egg burdens (d) and adult numbers counted on day 6 (e); n = 4 and 6 for DMSO and 4-IPP groups. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Data presented as arithemetic means ± standard errors and statistically analysed by multiple (a) or unpaired (b–e) t tests. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.