Table 1 All DAMPS/PAMPS implicated in GI-GVHD and targeted therapy options.
Receptor | DAMP/PAMP | Signaling pathway | Effect on GVHD | Therapeutic options | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TLR3 | dsRNA | TRIF | = | – | |
TLR2/4 | HMGB1 | MyD88 | − | NecroX-7 | |
TLR4 | LPS | MyD88/TRIF | − | Anti-LPS | |
TLR4 | Heparan sulphate | MyD88 | − | AAT | |
TLR4 | S100 proteins | MyD88 | − | – | |
TLR4/CD14 | HSP90 | MyD88 | − | 17AAG | |
TLR5 | Flagellin | MyD88 | + | Flagellin treatment | |
TLR7/8 | ssRNA MiR29a | MyD88 | − | locked nucleic acid anti-miRNA-29a | |
TLR9 | Bacterial DNA | MyD88 | − | – | |
cGAS | Bacterial DNA | STING | + | DNA treatment | |
RIG-I | dsRNA | MAVS | + | 3pRNA treatment | |
Caspase-11 | LPS | Pyroptosis/NLRP3 | − | – | |
? | Uric acid | NLRP3 | − | Uricase | |
P2X7 | ATP | NLRP3 | − | Apyrase P2X7R antagonists | |
NOD2 | Eg MDP | NLRC | + | – | |
? | ? | NLRP6 | − | – | |
TIM | Phosphatidylserine | ? | − | Anti-TIM | |
ST2 | IL-33 | MyD88 | − | ST2-Fc treatment |
