Table 1 Demographic data and questionnaire scores in high and low externalizing (EXT) trait score youth (means [M] ± standard deviations [SD]).
From: Extra-striatal D2/3 receptor availability in youth at risk for addiction
Feature | High EXT group | Low EXT group | Statistical test | Partial Eta squared (partial η2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (N = 58) | 27 | 31 | – | – |
F/M | 16 F/11 M | 20 F/11 M | X2 test: p = 0.68 | – |
Age (yr) | 18.59 ± 0.64 | 18.42 ± 0.56 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.36 | 0.021 |
Ethnicity | N = 26, White; N = 1 Black | N = 30, White N = 1 Mixed (Hispanic/White) | – | |
Education (yr) | 11.78 ± 0.80 | 12.10 ± 1.14 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.23 | 0.026 |
Externalizing trait scores* | 2.40 ± 0.58 | 0.48 ± 0.29 | Univariate ANOVA: p < 0.001 | 0.82 |
AUDIT scores | 5.96 ± 4.24 | 4.00 ± 2.63 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.036 | 0.076 |
Age of alcohol use onset | 14.09 ± 2.31 | 15.15 ± 1.95 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.065 | 0.060 |
Lifetime occasions of binge drinking | 56.11 ± 89.33 | 35.17 ± 66.84 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.021 | 0.09 |
Lifetime occasions of alcohol use (intoxication & non-intoxication) | 120.79 ± 149.28 | 77.00 ± 84.23 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.17 | 0.033 |
Lifetime cannabis use | 22Y/5 N | 19Y/12 N | X2 test: p = 0.092 | – |
Age of onset of cannabis use | 15.5 ± 1.60 | 16.26 ± 1.19 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.095 | |
Lifetime occasions (#) of cannabis use | 309.19 ± 542.38 | 32.84 ± 142.00 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.008 | 0.12 |
Lifetime occasions (#) of drug use, excluding cannabis** | 27.11 ± 88.04 | 1.06 ± 4.44 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.105 | 0.046 |
Lifetime drug use, excluding cannabis | 11Y/16 N | 4Y/27 N | X2 test: p = 0.004 | – |
Current tobacco smoking status | 3Y/24 N | 2Y/29 N | X2 test: p = 0.53 | – |
Lifetime tobacco smoking | N = 13 never smoked; N = 8 < 10 in lifetime; N = 6 > 11 in lifetime | N = 25 never smoked, N = 4 < 10 in lifetime; N = 2 > 11 in lifetime | X2 test: p = 0.032 | – |
Likely current and/or past psychiatric disorder history | 14 N/13Y | 30 N/1Y | X2 test: p < 0.001 | – |
Likely current psychiatric disorder | 18 N/9Y (N = 5: SUD; N = 1: ADHD; N = 1 persistent depressive disorder; N = 1: ADHD, anxiety, SUD; N = 1 dyslexia [mild]) | 31 N/0Y | X2 test: p < 0.001 | – |
SURPS Impulsivity | N = 25, 11.48 ± 2.90 | N = 31, 8.97 ± 2.57 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.001 | 0.18 |
SURPS Hopelessness | 12.96 ± 3.31 | 11.35 ± 2.74 | p = 0.071 | 0.059 |
SURPS Anxiety sensitivity | 10.20 ± 2.29 | 9.48 ± 3.10 | p = 0.34 | 0.017 |
SURPS Sensation seeking | 16.64 ± 3.60 | 16.32 ± 4.24 | p = 0.77 | 0.002 |
BIS Attention | N = 25, 16.28 ± 2.98 | N = 31, 14.13 ± 3.36 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.015 | 0.10 |
BIS Motor | 21.72 ± 4.08 | 18.29 ± 3.08 | p = 0.001 | 0.19 |
BIS Nonplanning | 25.36 ± 3.88 | 22.03 ± 4.17 | p = 0.003 | 0.15 |
BIS Total | 63.36 ± 8.13 | 54.45 ± 7.75 | p < 0.001 | 0.25 |
SPSRQ Reward | N = 26, 10.73 ± 4.52 | N = 30, 8.53 ± 3.01 | Univariate ANOVA: p = 0.035 | 0.08 |
SPSRQ Punishment | 11.96 ± 5.06 | 9.57 ± 4.82 | p = 0.076 | 0.057 |
SPSRQ Reward/Punishment ratio | 1.14 ± .90 | 1.17 ± .84 | p = 0.91 | 0.001 |
