Abstract
Drug overdoses from opioids and stimulants are a major cause of mortality in the United States. It is unclear if there are stable sex differences in overdose mortality for these drugs across states, whether these differ across the lifespan, and if so, whether they can be accounted for by different levels of drug misuse. This was a state-level analysis of epidemiological data on overdose mortality, across 10-year age bins (age range: 15–74), using the CDC WONDER platform for decedents in the United States in 2020–1. The outcome measure was rate of overdose death (per 100,000) for: synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl), heroin, psychostimulants with potential for misuse (e.g., methamphetamine), and cocaine. Multiple linear regressions controlled for ethnic-cultural background, household net worth, and sex-specific rate of misuse (from NSDUH, 2018-9). For all these drug categories, males had greater overall overdose mortality than females, after controlling for rates of drug misuse. The mean male/female sex ratio of mortality rate was relatively stable across jurisdictions: synthetic opioids (2.5 [95% CI, 2.4–7]), heroin, (2.9 [95% CI, 2.7–3.1], psychostimulants (2.4 [95% CI, 2.3–5]), and cocaine (2.8 [95% CI, 2.6–9]). With data stratified in 10-year age bins, the sex difference generally survived adjustment (especially in the 25–64 age range). Results indicate that males are significantly more vulnerable than females to overdose deaths caused by opioid and stimulant drugs, taking into account differing state-level environmental conditions and drug misuse levels. These results call for research into diverse biological, behavioral, and social factors that underlie sex differences in human vulnerability to drug overdose.
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This work was supported by NIDA U01DA053625 (ERB), NIDA 1RO1DA048301-01A1 (RZG) and NIDA 1RO1DA049547 (NAK), and by Intramural Research Program funds of NIDA (YS and DHE).
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Butelman, E.R., Huang, Y., Epstein, D.H. et al. Overdose mortality rates for opioids and stimulant drugs are substantially higher in men than in women: state-level analysis. Neuropsychopharmacol. 48, 1639–1647 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01601-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01601-8
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