Fig. 2: DCA impairs gallbladder cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. | Oncogene

Fig. 2: DCA impairs gallbladder cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.

From: Deoxycholic acid modulates the progression of gallbladder cancer through N6-methyladenosine-dependent microRNA maturation

Fig. 2

a DCA treatment was significantly cytotoxic to human gallbladder cancer cells (72 h). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (means ± SEM, *p < 0.05). b Cell proliferation assay of gallbladder cancer cells challenged with vehicle and DCA. (n = 3, in triplicate; two-way ANOVA, comparisons at days 4 are shown). c Colony formation assay of vehicle- and DCA-treated gallbladder cancer cells. Representative images to corresponding experiments, and the graph exhibits the quantification of colony numbers. The relative cell numbers of vehicle were arbitrarily set to 1 (n = 3 independent experiments, in triplicate; Mann–Whitney test). d Follow-up of tumor growth after nude mice were subcutaneously injected with GBC-SD cancer cells, following feeding of food with or without DCA. (n = 6 per group; two-way ANOVA, comparisons at day 26 are shown; ***p < 0.001). e Excised xenograft tumors 4 weeks from d. Scale bars represent 10 mm. f Tumor weight in d are shown (**p < 0.01). g Representative images of Ki-67 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in d from two groups are shown. Scale bars represent 100 μm.

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