Table 1 Distinct influences of solid stress on tumor cell functions.
Magnitude and direction of solid stress | Effects on tumor progression | Cell types | Mechanisms | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
4 mmHg (Compressive) | Enhance cancer cell motility | Renal cancer cells (monolayer; in vitro) | Activate Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway | [83] |
4 mmHg (Compressive) | Promote tumor cell migration | Pancreatic cancer cells (monolayer; in vitro) | Activate Akt/CREB1 pathway | [84] |
5.8 mmHg (Compressive) | Promote mammary carcinoma cell migration and adhesion | Breast cancer cells (monolayer; in vitro) | Enable the formation of leader cells and elevate cell-substrate adhesion | [85] |
9 mmHg (Compressive) | Enable oncogene activation and transform normal tissues into cancerous tissues | Healthy colon tissue (mouse) | Activate Ret and the downstream phosphorylation of β-catenin | [81] |
15 mmHg (Compressive) | Increase the motility of peripheral cells | Mouse colon carcinoma cells (multicellular spheroid) | NA | [82] |
37.5-75 mmHg (Compressive) | Inhibit multicellular tumor spheroid proliferation | Colon carcinoma cells; human breast cancer cells; mouse sarcoma cells (multicellular spheroid) | Induce the expression of the proliferation inhibitor p27Kip1 | [87] |
60 mmHg (Compressive) | Suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis | Murine mammary carcinoma cells (multicellular spheroid) | Increase caspase-3 activity | [86] |
45–120 mm Hg (Compressive) | Inhibit the growth of multicellular tumor spheroids | Human colon adenocarcinoma cells; Murine mammary carcinoma; Rat rhabdosarcoma cells (multicellular spheroid) | NA | [88] |
