Fig. 4: FK228 reprograms tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in solid tumors.
From: FK228 reshapes tumor microenvironment to enhance anti-PD-L1 efficacy
A Ro/e heatmaps showing the FK228 treatment preference of each macrophage subtype. Ctrl represents the tumors from the mice receiving DMSO treatment with an equal volume of FK228 diluted in PBS. Significant difference was executed using chi-square test. B Effects of FK228 on TAMs polarization in vitro co-culture between tumor cells and RAW264.7 cells. A transwell co-culture system of RAW264.7 cells (3 × 105 cells, cultured in the lower chamber) and tumor cells (1 × 105 cells, cultured in the upper chamber) was employed. After the FK228 supplement in the upper chamber for 48 h, the cells in the lower chamber were analyzed using flow cytometry. Ctrl indicates DMSO treatment. Significant difference was executed using Student’s t-test. C The relative number of pro-inflammatory (M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) Mφs in tumor tissues from mice with or without FK228 treatments based on flow cytometry. Ctrl represents the tumors from the mice receiving DMSO treatment with an equal volume of FK228 diluted in PBS. Significant difference was executed using Student’s t-test. D Visualization of Mφs for pro-inflammatory (M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype in tumor tissues in line with multiplex immunofluorescence image. Ctrl represents the tumors from the mice receiving DMSO treatment with an equal volume of FK228 diluted in PBS. Scale bar, 50 μm. E The direct reprogramming of FK228 to TAMs. After RAW264.7 cells were induced into M2-like Mφs, FK228 was added directly to the induced M2-like TAMs. These cells were detected using flow cytometry for pro-inflammatory Mφ. Ctrl indicates DMSO treatment. Significant difference was executed using Student’s t-test.
