Fig. 1: Overview of single-cell multi-omics technologies.

Single-cell multi-omics has expanded beyond transcriptomics (scRNA-seq, snRNA-seq, scST) to include epigenomics (scATAC-seq), genomics (scDNA-seq), proteomics (CyTOF, CITE-seq, SCoPE-MS, IMC, CODEX/MACSimA), and metabolomics (scMS). This integrated framework enables comprehensive characterization of gene expression, chromatin accessibility, genomic alterations, protein distribution, and metabolic dynamics at the single-cell level, thereby providing a powerful platform for dissecting tumor heterogeneity, tumor–immune interactions, and therapeutic responses.