Table 1 Demographic characteristics of infants who were exposed to a moderate-to-large PDA shunt for <14 days or ≥14 days.

Variable	Duration of exposure to a moderate-to-large PDA		P value
	<14 days^a	≥14 days^b
	N = 221	N = 86
Prenatal variables
Multiple gestations (%)	27	34
Preeclampsia (%)	8	5
Maternal diabetes (%)	2	0
Chorioamnionitis (%)	10	12
Betamethasone—any (%)	92	95
Betamethasone ≥48 h (%)	73	70
Cesarean section (%)	55	45
Neonatal variables
Gestation (weeks) (m ± s.d.)	26.0 ± 1.0	25.8 ± 1.0	0.052
Gestation ≤25 weeks (%)	28	45	0.006
Birthweight (g) (m ± s.d.)	874 ± 167	838 ± 163	0.088
Small for gestational age (%)	11	8
Outborn (%)	6	13	0.074
Male (%)	50	48
5-min Apgar ≤5 (%)	15	21
Still intubated at 24 h (%)	67	73
ICH (grades 3 or 4) (%)^c	11	5
Bacteremia (%)	56	66
Early targeted ibuprofen (%)	36	24	0.066
Any pharmacologic PDA treatment (%)^d	63	77	0.029
PDA ligation (%)	2	30	<0.001
NEC/SIP (%)	8	15	0.080
Duration of intubation ≥10 days (%)	33	62	<0.001
Outcomes
BPD (%) (n = 266)^e	26	56	<0.001
BPD or death before 36 weeks (%)	38	59	<0.001
Death before 36 weeks (%)	15	8

P values, only p values ≤0.100 are reported.
NEC/SIP necrotizing enterocolitis/spontaneous intestinal perforation, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
^aDuctus that had closed or become small before the 14 days echocardiogram.
^bDuctus that were moderate to large during the first week and were still moderate to large on the 14 days echocardiogram.
^cSerious intraventricular hemorrhages.
^dInfants who received Early targeted ibuprofen and/or later pharmacologic PDA treatment.
^eBPD was evaluated in 266 infants. Forty-one infants died before they could be evaluated at 36 weeks postmenstrual age: PDA exposure <14 days (n = 34) and PDA exposure ≥14 days (n = 7).

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