Table 2 Composition of the gut microbiome in vaginally delivered infants (N = 100) exposed to perinatal antibiotics and courses of antibiotics as compared with the control group after the first year of life.
From: Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota
Control, N = 27, mean (SD) | Any perinatal antibiotics, N = 73, mean (SD) | 95% CI of difference | P valuea | No antibiotic courses, N = 71, mean (SD) | Antibiotic courses, N = 28, mean (SD) | 95% CIc of difference | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diversityb | ||||||||
No. of OTUs | 75 (21) | 79 (22) | −14, 5.1 | 0.35 | 79 (22) | 76 (22) | −6.4, 13 | 0.51 |
Shannon diversity index | 3.0 (0.90) | 3.1 (0.90) | −0.42, 0.39 | 0.95 | 3.0 (0.91) | 3.1 (0.87) | −0.45, 0.34 | 0.78 |
Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index | 7.5 (1.2) | 8.1 (1.5) | −1.2, 0.03 | 0.06 | 7.9 (1.3) | 8.0 (1.7) | −0.72, 0.55 | 0.80 |
Pielou’s evenness index | 0.49 (0.13) | 0.48 (0.12) | −0.05, 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.48 (0.13) | 0.49 (0.12) | −0.07, 0.04 | 0.61 |
Relative abundances (%) | ||||||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
Phyla | ||||||||
Bacteroidetes | 71 (22) | 49 (35) | 10, 34 | <0.001 | 56 (35) | 53 (31) | −13, 17 | 0.76 |
Firmicutes | 25 (22) | 44 (32) | −30, −7.1 | 0.002 | 39 (32) | 38 (30) | −13, 14 | 0.96 |
Proteobacteria | 2.8 (4.6) | 6.0 (12) | −6.5, 0.26 | 0.07 | 4.7 (12) | 6.2 (9.3) | −6.4, 3.4 | 0.55 |
Actinobacteria | 0.60 (1.8) | 0.46 (0.77) | −0.38, 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.51 (1.3) | 0.50 (0.73) | −0.50, 0.53 | 0.96 |
Tenericutes | 0.06 (0.22) | 0.004 (0.03) | −0.03, 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.02 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.12) | −0.07, 0.04 | 0.56 |
Verrucomicrobia | 0.06 (0.29) | 0.52 (3.7) | −1.9, 0.95 | 0.52 | 0.05 (0.20) | 1.3 (5.9) | −3.5, 1.0 | 0.27 |
Genera | ||||||||
Bacteroides | 65 (24) | 36 (35) | 16, 41 | <0.001 | 44 (36) | 41 (32) | −12, 19 | 0.69 |
Clostridium | 0.63 (0.76) | 1.6 (2.9) | −1.7, −0.23 | 0.01 | 1.2 (2.6) | 1.7 (2.3) | −1.6, 0.65 | 0.41 |
Faecalibacterium | 0.15 (0.25) | 0.42 (0.80) | −0.48, −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.38 (0.77) | 0.28 (0.52) | −0.22, 0.41 | 0.54 |
Prevotella | 0.19 (0.62) | 4.4 (15) | −7.8, −0.67 | 0.02 | 3.2 (12) | 3.7 (16) | −6.4, 5.4 | 0.87 |
Escherichia coli | 0.09 (0.14) | 2.9 (10) | −5.2, −0.36 | 0.03 | 2.1 (10) | 2.2 (6.2) | −4.1, 4.0 | 0.98 |
Lactobacillus | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.64 (4.6) | −2.4, 1.2 | 0.49 | 0.63 (4.7) | 0.09 (0.26) | −1.2, 2.3 | 0.54 |
Bifidobacterium | 0.47 (1.7) | 0.26 (0.48) | −0.47, 0.90 | 0.53 | 0.34 (1.1) | 0.27 (0.45) | −0.36, 0.50 | 0.75 |
Blautia | 0.09 (0.25) | 0.32 (0.98) | −0.47, 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.18 (0.62) | 0.46 (1.3) | −0.79, 0.22 | 0.26 |
Veillonella | 1.1 (3.4) | 1.3 (3.9) | −1.9, 1.5 | 0.83 | 0.81 (2.0) | 2.3 (6.3) | −4.0, 0.99 | 0.23 |
