Table 6 Linear mixed-model analysis adjusted for four antibiotic exposure groups (IAP, postnatal IAP + postnatal, and oral antibiotic courses [any vs. none] after the perinatal period).

From: Antibiotics at birth and later antibiotic courses: effects on gut microbiota

 

Effect

P value

95% CI of difference

Bacteroidetes

  IAP

−0.18

0.045

−0.35, −0.004

  Postnatal

−0.21

0.02

−0.39, −0.04

  IAP + postnatal

−0.27

0.005

−0.45, −0.08

  Antibiotic courses

−0.03

0.68

−0.17, 0.11

Firmicutes

  IAP

0.14

0.09

−0.02, 0.30

  Postnatal

0.20

0.02

0.03, 0.36

  IAP + postnatal

0.21

0.01

0.04, 0.39

  Antibiotic courses

0.001

0.99

−0.13, 0.13

Proteobacteria

  IAP

0.04

0.17

−0.02, 0.10

  Postnatal

0.02

0.55

−0.04, 0.08

  IAP + postnatal

0.04

0.22

−0.02, 0.10

  Antibiotic courses

0.02

0.50

−0.03, 0.06

  1. The effects on the relative abundance of the three main bacterial phyla in gut microbiome composition at 1 year of age are shown. Effect indicates the linear effect estimate retrieved from the multivariate model.
  2. IAP intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, CI confidence interval.
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