Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Merrill, J. G., Morton, J. J. & Soileau, S. D. in Principles and Methods of Toxicology 5th edn. (ed. Hayes, A. W.) (CRC Press, 2007).
Gilbert, S. G. & Weiss, B. A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2 microg/dL. Neurotoxicology 27, 693–701 (2006).
Maciel, F. & Dutra, E. Arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium: toxicity, levels in breast milk and the risks for breastfed infants. Environ. Res. 151, 671–688 (2016).
World Health Organization. Childhood Lead Poisoning (World Health Organization, 2010).
Vollset, M., Iszatt, N., Enger, Ø., Gjengedal, E. L. F. & Eggesbø, M. Concentration of mercury, cadmium, and lead in breast milk from Norwegian mothers: association with dietary habits, amalgam and other factors. Sci. Total Environ. 677, 466–473 (2019).
Zheng, W., Aschner, M. & Ghersi-Egea, J. F. Brain barrier systems: a new frontier in metal neurotoxicological research. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 192, 1–11 (2003).
Vázquez, M., Vélez, D. & Devesa, V. In vitro evaluation of inorganic mercury and methylmercury effects on the intestinal epithelium permeability. Food Chem. Toxicol. 74, 349–359 (2014).
Scheuplein, R., Charnley, G. & Dourson, M. Differential sensitivity of children and adults to chemical toxicity. I. Biological basis. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 35, 429–447 (2002).
Yasuda, H. & Tsutsui, T. Assessment of infantile mineral imbalances in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Int J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10, 6027–6043 (2013).
Ikonomidou, C. et al. Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome. Science 287, 1056–1060 (2000).
Simons, T. J. Lead transport and binding by human erythrocytes in vitro. Pflug. Arch. 423, 307–313 (1993).
Bearer, C. F., O’Riordan, M. A. & Powers, R. Lead exposure from blood transfusion to premature infants. J. Pediatr. 137, 549–554 (2000).
Averina, M. et al. Environmental pollutants in blood donors: the multicentre Norwegian donor study. Transfus. Med 30, 201–209 (2020).
Elabiad, M. T. & Hook, R. E. Lead content of blood transfusions for extremely low-birth-weight infants. Am. J. Perinatol. 30, 765–770 (2013).
Falck, A. J., Medina, A. E., Cummins-Oman, J., El-Metwally, D. & Bearer, C. F. Mercury, lead, and cadmium exposure via red blood cell transfusions in preterm infants. Pediatr. Res. 87, 677–682 (2020).
Park, Y. et al. Exposure to lead and mercury through breastfeeding during the first month of life: a CHECK cohort study. Sci. Total Environ. 612, 876–883 (2018).
Li, G. et al. Elemental impurities in pharmaceutical excipients. J. Pharm. Sci. 104, 4197–4206 (2015).
Gustin, K. et al. Low-level maternal exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury and birth outcomes in a Swedish prospective birth-cohort. Environ. Pollut. 265, 114986 (2020).
Liu, J., Chen, Y., Gao, D., Jing, J. & Hu, Q. Prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and cognitive development of infants followed over the first three years of life: a prospective birth study in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Neurotoxicology 44, 326–334 (2014).
Dórea, J. G. Multiple low-level exposures: Hg interactions with co-occurring neurotoxic substances in early life. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1863, 129243 (2019).
Fengler, J., Heckmann, M., Lange, A., Kramer, A. & Flessa, S. Cost analysis showed that feeding preterm infants with donor human milk was significantly more expensive than mother’s milk or formula. Acta Paediatr. 109, 959–966 (2020).
GarcÃa-Esquinas, E. et al. Mercury, lead and cadmium in human milk in relation to diet, lifestyle habits and sociodemographic variables in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere 85, 268–276 (2011).
Goudarzi, M. A., Parsaei, P., Nayebpour, F. & Rahimi, E. Determination of mercury, cadmium and lead in human milk in Iran. Toxicol. Ind. Health 29, 820–823 (2013).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Joshua Wilhide and Maggie LaCourse from the Molecular Characterization and Analysis Complex at University of Maryland, Baltimore County where the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and final approval of the version to be published—T.Z., K.P., F.P., A.E.M., and D.E.E.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Patient consent
This study did not require patient consent.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zahouani, T., Pultorak, K., Pay, F. et al. Heavy metals from donor blood and breast milk products in the NICU. Pediatr Res 91, 474–476 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01501-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01501-x
