Table 1 Participant characteristics.
Recruitment site | |
Auckland | 80 (41) |
Middlemore | 68 (35) |
North Shore | 39 (20) |
Waitakere | 8 (4) |
Maternal characteristics (n = 170) | |
Maternal age, years | 31 (6) |
Ethnicity | |
European | 60 (35) |
Māori | 23 (14) |
Asian | 58 (34) |
Pasifika | 26 (15) |
Other | 3 (2) |
New Zealand Deprivation Index | |
Q1 (1,2) | 26 (15) |
Q2 (3,4) | 41 (24) |
Q3 (5,6) | 22 (13) |
Q4 (7,8) | 31 (18) |
Q5 (9,10) | 48 (29) |
Education level | |
No tertiary education | 80 (47) |
Complete tertiary education (bachelor, masters, doctoral degree) | 90 (53) |
Gestational diabetes | 34 (20) |
Cesarean section | 100 (59) |
Antenatal steroids course | |
None | 32 (19) |
Incomplete (first dose <24 h from birth) | 41 (24) |
Complete | 97 (57) |
Number of samples provided | |
1 | 17 (10) |
2 | 80 (47) |
3 | 69 (40.6) |
4 | 4 (2.4) |
Infant characteristics (n = 195) | |
Boys | 112 (57.4) |
Gestational age, weeks | 33 (32–35) |
Birth order | |
Singleton | 145 (74) |
Twins | 47 (24) |
Triplets | 3 (2) |
Duration of hospital stay, days | 22 (11) |
Anthropometric measures | |
At birth | |
Weight, g | 2091 (402) |
Length, cm | 44.5 (3.0) |
Head circumference, cm | 31.2 (1.5) |
At hospital discharge | |
Weight, g | 2488 (322) |
Length, cm | 47.4 (2) |
Head circumference, cm | 33.0 (1.2) |
At follow-up | |
Weight, g | 6505 (846) |
Length, cm | 63.6 (2.6) |
Head circumference, cm | 41.6 (1.3) |
Feeding practice | |
At hospital discharge (n = 194) | |
Exclusively breastfed | 151 (77.8) |
Partially breastfed | 37 (19.1) |
Exclusively formula fed | 6 (3.1) |
At follow-up (n = 168) | |
Exclusively breastfed | 36 (21.4) |
Partially breastfed | 67 (39.9) |
Exclusively formula fed | 65 (38.7) |
