Table 3 Association between maternal and infant characteristics and distribution of volatile fatty acids and fatty acid esters in preterm breastmilk.

Lactation stage

F _{(3, 329.3)} = 4.7**

F _{(3, 329.3)} =  8.6***

F _{(3, 303.1)} = 2.0, p = 0.12

F _{(3, 329.3)} =  29.6***

F _{(3, 306.7)} = 20.5***

F _{(3, 297.9)} = 11.8***

F _{(3, 275.5)} = 10.2***

F _{(3, 267.2)} = 3.6*

 Day 3

0 (0)^AB

0 (0)^A

0 (0)

0 (0)^A

0 (0)^A

592 (1007)^AC

365 (714)^A

20 (91)^AB

 Day 5

12 (91)^AB

16 (912)^A

423 (1213)

8 (49)^A

64 (182)^A

3490 (4768) ^B

1563 (2058)^B

106 (283)^A

 Day 10

122 (465)^A

46 (202)^A

193 (1132)

13 (92)^A

217 (402)^A

1395 (2882)^A

791 (1525)^A

68 (213) ^AB

 4 months CA

270 (932)^B

555 (1558)^B

314 (672)

194 (319)^B

514 (740)^B

2746 (3382)^BC

1153 (1345) ^AB

24 (92) ^B

Ethnicity

F _{(4, 157.6)} =  0.42, p = 0.8

F _{(4, 157.7)} = 1.14, p = 0.34

F _{(4, 160.8)} = 1.4, p = 0.23

F _{(4, 157.6)} = 0.54, p = 0.71

F _{(4, 160.4)} = 1.3, p = 0.26

F _{(4, 160.9)} = 3.5**

F _{(4, 162.9)} =  4.04**

F _{(4, 163.6)} = 1.4, p = 0.24

 European

124 (594)

262 (1142)

405 (1363)

53 (176)

251 (477)

3094 (4300) ^A

1486 (1907)^A

93 (254)

 Māori

95 (479)

88 (587)

87 (279)

39 (174)

183 (513)

1475 (2580)^AB

678 (1115)^AB

32 (103)

 Asian

127 (564)

139 (686)

344 (1018)

61 (207)

238 (510)

2619 (3949)^AB

1237 (1844)^AB

85 (254)

 Pasifika

30 (230)

32 (245)

94 (459)

30 (115)

102 (280)

1281 (3021)^B

469 (935)^B

15 (72)

 Other

79 (224)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

47 (133)

291 (723)^AB

144 (407)^AB

0 (0)

GDM

F _(1,164) = 2.52, p = 0.11

F _(1,163.9) = 0.36, p = 0.55

F _(1,167.8) = 2.54, p = 0.11

F _(1,163.7) = 2.34, p = 0.13

F _(1,166.8)= 3.14, p = 0.08

F _(1,167.9) = 4.78*

F _(1,169.5) = 5.9*

F _(1,169.8) = 4.45*

 No

127 (580)

173 (898)

341 (1158)

56 (191)

235 (487)

2662 (4077)

1263 (1820)

84 (243)

 Yes

23 (124)

114 (549)

104 (357)

26 (99)

119 (359)

1463 (2606)

602 (1069)

13 (66)

NZdep

F _{(4, 153.1)} = 1.03, p = 0.4

F _(4,153.1) = 4.67**

F _(4,157.4) = 4.57**

F _(4,153.1) = 0.74, p = 0.57

F _(4,156.9) = 2.75*

F _(4,158.1) = 4.81**

F _{(4, 161.1)} = 4.33**

F _{(4, 161.9)} = 2.61*

 Q1

199 (782)

127 (589)^A

228 (519)^A

76 (214)

294 (592)^A

3076 (3672)^AB

1281 (1552)^AB

42 (130) ^AB

 Q2

121 (611)

194 (838)^A

409 (1220)^AB

59 (206)

270 (527)^A

2921 (4437)^AB

1471 (1979)^B

94 (261) ^AB

 Q3

104 (354)

604 (1880)^B

871 (2254)^B

40 (141)

300 (574)^A

4062 (5853)^A

1840 (2594)^B

172 (397) ^†A

 Q4

36 (166)

63 (330)^A

88 (273)^A

45 (154)

141 (295) ^†B

1623 (2326)^B

816 (1137)^AB

39 (134) ^AB

 Q5

77 (449.6)

43.7 (387.7)^A

130.2 (474.7)^A

34.3 (156)

123.1 (341) ^†B

1488 (2808)^B

678 (1243)^A

47 (158) ^†B

Antenatal steroids

F _(2,153.9) = 0.21, p = 0.81

F _(2,154.5) = 0.1, p = 0.9

F _(2,161.4) = 0.65, p = 0.52

F _(2,153.6) = 2.01, p = 0.14

F _(2,160.1) = 2.53, p = 0.08

F _(2,162.1) = 1.71, p = 0.18

F _(2,165.2) = 2.92, p = 0.06

F _(2,166.1) = 0.96, p = 0.38

 None

100 (443)

148 (990)

149 (579)

50 (197)

128 (378)

1571 (3379)

582 (1025)

25 (95)

 Incomplete

142 (624)

208 (835)

360 (1027)

83 (222)

305 (608)

2638 (3972)

1295 (1844)

77 (251)

 Complete

94 (505)

147 (798)

314 (1177)

35 (146)

200 (414)

2613 (3941)

1241 (1808)

82 (236)

Tertiary education

F _(2,130.4) = 0.03, p = 0.97

F _(2,131.4) = 0, p = 0.99

F _(2,140.2) = 0.08, p = 0.92

F _(2,130.7) = 0.02, p = 0.98

F _(2,139.5) = 0, p = 0.99

F _(2,142.5) = 0.36, p = 0.7

F _(2,150.3) = 1.43, p = 0.24

F _(2,153.2) = 0.99, p = 0.37

 Incomplete

100 (472)

146 (836)

298 (1239)

44 (164)

207 (489)

2263 (4258)

1015 (1761)

59 (216)

 Complete

114 (571)

176 (855)

298 (895)

55 (190)

220 (453)

2563 (3543)

1214 (1675)

76 (226)

Delivery mode

F _(1,154.7) = 1.53, p = 0.22

F _(1,154.6) = 2.09, p = 0.15

F _(1,161.6) = 0.03, p = 0.87

F _(1,154.5) = 2.8, p = 0.09

F _(1,160.7) = 0, p = 0.98

F _(1,162.3) = 0.13, p = 0.72

F _(1,165.4)= 0.59, p = 0.44

F _(1,166.3) = 0.25, p = 0.62

 Vaginal

70 (291)

234 (999)

310 (1121)

67 (217)

219 (438)

2410 (3786)

1077 (1667)

65 (216)

 C-section

132 (639)

113 (713)

286 (1013)

38 (144)

209 (487)

2451 (3930)

1179 (1760)

74 (227)

Gestational age

F _(3,152.3) = 0.76, p = 0.52

F _(3,152.4) = 1.27, p = 0.29

F _(3,159.2) = 0.54, p = 0.65

F _(3,152.3) =  0.11, p = 0.96

F _(3,158.5) = 0.1, p = 0.96

F _(3,160.1) = 0.52, p = 0.67

F _(3,163.3) = 0.79, p = 0.5

F _(3,164.1) = 1.26, p = 0.29

 32

104 (563)

179 (787)

233 (583)

49 (161)

224 (526)

2293 (3576)

1013 (1527)

37 (129)

 33

51 (238)

170 (802)

387 (1469)

45 (160)

223 (456)

2749 (4197)

1367 (1911)

101 (258)

 34

136 (681)

58 (447)

240 (945)

49 (177)

189 (445)

2125 (3755)

1022 (1662)

64 (209)

 35

160 (506)

322 (1399)

338 (954)

63 (232)

225 (441)

2685 (3929)

1141 (1761)

82 (284)

Sex

F _(1,151.7) = 0.87, p = 0.35

F _(1,152.1) = 0.42, p = 0.52

F _(1,158.8) = 0.03, p = 0.85

F _(1,151.8) = 0.77, p = 0.38

F _(1,157.8) = 0.54, p = 0.46

F _(1,159.3) = 0.78, p = 0.38

F _(1,162.5) = 2.08, p = 0.15

F _(1,163.4) = 1.03, p = 0.31

 Male

179 (1012)

15 (120)

303 (1233)

37 (155)

29 (261)

2124 (3850)

926 (1603)

54 (198)

 Female

135 (657)

28 (144)

288 (926)

57 (190)

8 (118)

2589 (3843)

1250 (1769)

80 (237)