Table 1 Maternal characteristics of low- and high-altitude populations comparing controls (pregnant women who had appropriately grown babies) and cases (pregnant women who had small for gestational age babies <10th centile customised to foetal gender and gestational age).
From: High-altitude population neonatal and maternal phenotypes associated with birthweight protection
Maternal variables | High altitude | Low altitude | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGA (n = 272) | SGA (n = 44) | p Value (95% CI) | AGA (n = 82) | SGA (n = 19) | p Value (95% CI) | ||
Age (years) | 29.2 (4.6) | 27.6 (4.6) | 0.03 (0.16–3.11) | 27.2 (2.9) | 26.5 (3.6) | 0.386 (−2.17 to 0.84) | |
Height (cm) | 154.5 (5.7) | 155.2 (5.9) | 0.438 (−1.09 to 2.55) | 155.5 (6.4) | 153.2 (4.6) | 0.185 (−5.25 to 1.02) | |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 53.5 (8.5) | 50.6 (6.9) | 0.134 (−6.63 to 0.89) | 56.3 (11.3) | 49.3 (8) | 0.012 (1.62–12.54) | |
Booking weight (kg) | 57.6 (9.4) | 54 (8.2) | 0.006 (1.2–7.1) | 57.8 (10.8) | 50.8 (7.9) | 0.010 (1.69–12.23) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (3.7) | 22.3 (3.1) | 0.002 (0.87–3.01) | 23.4 (4.4) | 21.1 (3.4) | 0.03 (0.15–4.44) | |
Ethnicity (n/%) | 10 Tibetan 2 Nepali 260 (96) Ladakhi >5 generations | 2 Nepali 42 (96) Ladakhi 5 generations | 78 Indoaryan 2 Dravidian 1 IndoDravidian 1 IndoEuropean | 17 Indoaryan 1 Dravidian 1 IndoEuropean | |||
Ancestors not resident Leh/Delhi, n (%) | 2 (0.7) | 2 (4.5) | 40 (77) | 11 (58) | |||
Parity, n (%) | Primiparous | 99 (36.4) | 21 (47.7) | 41 (50) | 9 (47.4) | ||
Multiparous | 173 (72.6) | 23 (52.3) | 41 (50) | 10 (52.6) | |||
Past medical history | 7 Hypothyroid | 1 Hypothyroid | 2 Hypothyroid | 1 Hypothyroid, 1 hypertension | |||
Dietary, n (%) | Meat/all | 262 (96.3) | 42 (95.5) | 34 (41.5) | 7 (36.8) | ||
Vegetarian | 10 (3.7) | 2 (4.5) | 48 (58.5) | 12 (63.2) | |||
Smoker (n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
Education obtained | Nil formal | 20 (7.4) | 4 (9) | 4 (4.9) | 2 (10.5) | ||
n (%) | 7 years | 19 (7) | 4 (9) | 4 (4.9) | 2 (10.5) | ||
8–12 years | 192 (70.6) | 27 (61.5) | 64 (78) | 14 (73.6) | |||
College/ university | 41 (15) | 9 (20.5) | 8(10.5) | 1 (5.4) | |||
Occupation | Housework | 166 (61) | 25 (57) | (65) | (58) | ||
n (%) | Student | 6 (2.4) | 2 (4.8) | (17) | (11.9) | ||
Government | 61 (22.3) | 10 (22.7) | 0 | 0 | |||
Professional | 10 (3.7) | 2 (4.5) | (4.5) | (6) | |||
Private | 29 (10.6) | 5 (11) | (3) | (18) | |||
Household income (Rs/month) | 28,252 (19,023) | 29,316 (18,354) | 0.99 (−5849 to 8827) | 43,372 (38,286) | 30,210 (35,850) | 0.19 (−31,482 to 6304) | |
Hb (g/dl) | 12.11 (1.62) | 12.36 (1.67) | 0.51(−0.72 to 0.39) | 11.79 (1.05) | 12.09 (0.84) | 0.225 (−0.89 to 0.21) | |
Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 87.9 (17.8) | 88.3 (15) | 0.67 (−10.1 to 6.6) | 85.4 (8.2) | 85.2 (8.1) | 0.899 (−4.51 to 3.96) | |
Oxygen saturation (finger) % | 92 (1.94) | 92.1 (1.83) | 0.786 (−3.06 to 2.31) | 98(1.02) | 97.9 (0.96) | 0.860 (−0.55 to 0.66) | |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 111.2 (14.7) | 111.4 (11.8) | 0.944 (−5.04 to 5.42) | 111.1 (10.2) | 105.6 (5.1) | 0.046 (0.09–10.95) | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73 (9.7) | 74.2 (11) | 0.527 (2.43–4.74) | 71.5 (7.5) | 66.8 (5.9) | 0.025 (0.608–8.89) | |
n = 187 | n = 34 | n = 47 | n = 14 | ||||
UtA diameter (mm) | 56.5 (10.7) | 51.5 (9.3) | 0.009 (1.28–8.88) | 47.16 (4.9) | 47.23 (4) | 0.965 (−0.28 to 0.29) | |
