Table 2 Associations of maximum hand-grip strength with skeletal muscle mass, appendicular lean mass, and other body composition and anthropometric measures among 4-year-old children in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Body composition or anthropometric variable	Pearson correlation			Unadjusted model^d		Multivariable model^e
Body composition or anthropometric variable	n	r	p*	β (95% CI)	p*	β (95% CI)	p*
D₃Cr SMM (100 g)^a	91	0.33	0.001	0.046 (0.019, 0.074)	0.001	0.004 (−0.031, 0.038)	0.8
D₃Cr SMM/total body weight (%)^a	91	−0.11	0.3	−0.027 (−0.079, 0.026)	0.3	0.011 (−0.040, 0.061)	0.7
ALM (100 g)^a	96	0.52	<0.001	0.106 (0.071, 0.142)	<0.001	0.074 (−0.016, 0.164)	0.1
ALM/height² (kg/m²)^b	96	0.44	<0.001	1.318 (0.774, 1.861)	<0.001	0.958 (−0.001, 1.916)	0.05
ALM/total body weight (%)^a	96	0.21	0.04	0.146 (0.007, 0.284)	0.04	0.155 (0.021, 0.288)	0.02
Upper limb LM (100 g)^a	96	0.54	<0.001	0.430 (0.291, 0.562)	<0.001	0.328 (0.052, 0.604)	0.02
Lower limb LM (100 g)^a	96	0.50	<0.001	0.133 (0.086, 0.180)	<0.001	0.066 (−0.050, 0.182)	0.3
TBLH LM (100 g)^a	96	0.51	<0.001	0.050 (0.032, 0.067)	<0.001	0.041 (−0.016, 0.098)	0.2
TBLH LM/height² (kg/m²)^b	96	0.41	<0.001	0.666 (0.359, 0.972)	<0.001	0.474 (−0.124, 1.073)	0.1
BMI-for-age z-score^c	100	0.37	<0.001	0.449 (0.226, 0.671)	<0.001	0.268 (−0.009, 0.546)	0.06
Height (cm)^b	100	0.45	<0.001	0.138 (0.084, 0.192)	<0.001	0.117 (0.045, 0.189)	0.002
Weight (kg)^c	100	0.46	<0.001	0.245 (0.151, 0.340)	<0.001	0.158 (−0.042, 0.358)	0.1

ALM appendicular lean mass measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry, LM lean mass measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, D₃Cr SMM skeletal muscle mass measured by D₃-creatine dilution method, TBLH total-body-less-head.
^aMultivariable model includes child sex, age (months), height (cm), BMI-for-age z-score, maternal height (cm), maternal education, asset index quintile, and maternal MDIG vitamin D supplementation group.
^bMultivariable model includes child sex, age (months), BMI-for-age z-score, maternal height (cm), maternal education, asset index quintile, and maternal MDIG vitamin D supplementation group.
^cMultivariable model includes child sex, age (months), height (cm), maternal height (cm), maternal education, asset index quintile, and maternal MDIG vitamin D supplementation group.
^dEstimates are interpreted as the average change in maximum hand-grip strength in kg for every 1-unit change in the body composition or anthropometric variable.
^eEstimates are interpreted as the average change in maximum hand-grip strength in kg for every 1-unit change in the body composition or anthropometric variable, holding all other covariates constant.
*p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

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