Table 3 miRNAs with different trends as observed from our miRNA-seq analysis (p < 0.05, average reads >50) are consistent with the published literature.

1

hsa-miR-27a-3p

Downward

Downregulation in plasma of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy¹²

2

hsa-miR-324-5p

Upward

Upregulation in serum of children with epileptic encephalopathy¹⁶

3

hsa-miR-22-5p

Downward

Downregulation in serum of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy¹⁷

4

hsa-miR-125a-5p/3p

Downward

Downregulation in plasma from children with epilepsy¹⁸

5

hsa-miR-4521

Upward

Upregulation in serum and tissues from patients with focal cortical dysplasia with refractory epilepsy¹⁹

6

hsa-miR-29a-3p

Downward

Downregulation in the serum of children with temporal lobe epilepsy²⁰

7

hsa-miR-301a-3p

Upward

Upregulation in serum of epilepsy patients²¹; upregulation in plasma and hippocampus of sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) due to drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy²²

8

hsa-miR-889-3p

Upward

Upregulation in serum of epilepsy patients²³

9

hsa-miR-106b-5p

Upward

Upregulation in serum of epilepsy patients²³; upregulation in serum of epilepsy patients^{21, 24}; and upregulated in plasma of children with epilepsy²⁵

10

has-miR-654-3p

Upward

Upregulation in epilepsy baseline-state plasma and seizure-state plasma¹²

11

hsa-miR-134-5p

Upward

Upregulation in the plasma of epilepsy patients may be directly associated with the pathophysiology and severity of epilepsy,¹³ upregulation in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of epilepsy patients^{26, 27}

12

hsa-miR-142-3p

Upward

Upregulation in the serum of temporal lobe epilepsy patients²⁸

13

hsa-miR-181c-5p

Upward

Upregulation in the blood of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis²⁹

14

hsa-miR-199a-5p

Upward

Upregulation in the blood of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis²⁹