Table 2 Relationships between Social Adversity and Child Biomarkers.

From: Associations between Social Adversity and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Stress, and Aging in Children

 

IL-1β

IL-6

IL-8

TNF-alpha

Social Variable

N = 484

N = 479

N = 484

N = 480

Education

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

<High School

3.672

3.4709

3.87289

0.043*

1.313

1.112

1.51443

0.017*

6.166

5.9888

6.34291

0.178

0.301

0.1518

0.45023

0.202

Some HS

3.449

3.2407

3.65778

 

1.052

0.8448

1.25925

 

6.057

5.873

6.24046

 

0.301

0.1455

0.45667

 

High School

3.324

3.1323

3.51615

 

0.919

0.7283

1.10928

 

5.974

5.8046

6.14274

 

0.25

0.1061

0.39311

 

>High School

3.299

3.0852

3.51258

 

0.905

0.6939

1.11658

 

5.889

5.7005

6.07702

 

0.091

–0.0682

0.2505

 

Income

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

$0–$5K

3.476

3.2558

3.69638

0.384

1.121

0.9011

1.34031

0.598

6.098

5.9047

6.29175

0.460

0.252

0.0876

0.41645

0.197

$5001–$15K

3.476

3.2771

3.67531

 

0.961

0.7628

1.15945

 

6.034

5.8586

6.20843

 

0.247

0.1

0.394

 

$15,001-$25K

3.527

3.3146

3.73917

 

1.125

0.9132

1.33636

 

6.077

5.8901

6.26305

 

0.357

0.2

0.5148

 

$25,001 or more

3.297

3.1066

3.48754

 

1.004

0.8137

1.19472

 

5.913

5.746

6.08072

 

0.126

–0.015

0.26732

 

Social Risks

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

0–1

3.538

3.3096

3.76549

0.028*

0.977

0.748

1.20516

0.401

6.013

5.8118

6.21461

0.347

0.22

0.0498

0.3904

0.226

2–3

3.229

3.0425

3.41568

 

1.064

0.877

1.2519

 

5.934

5.7688

6.09844

 

0.175

0.0348

0.31424

 

4–6

3.421

3.2323

3.61025

 

0.962

0.7715

1.15157

 

6.013

5.8464

6.18031

 

0.206

0.0652

0.34612

 

7 or more

3.648

3.4292

3.86593

 

1.195

0.9773

1.41298

 

6.167

5.9738

6.35956

 

0.389

0.2259

0.55208

 

Cumulative Social Adversity

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

0

3.340

3.1933

3.48603

<0.001**

0.956

0.8102

1.10196

0.001*

5.964

5.8348

6.09254

0.002*

0.227

0.1175

0.33547

0.006*

1

3.375

3.2103

3.53879

 

0.982

0.8178

1.14558

 

5.95

5.8058

6.09509

 

0.144

0.0205

0.26686

 

2–3

3.911

3.6478

4.17334

 

1.505

1.2429

1.76777

 

6.402

6.1708

6.63351

 

0.521

0.3254

0.7158

 

Cortisol

Cortisone

Progesterone

DHEA

AEA

N = 406

N = 409

N = 245

N = 320

N = 400

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

3.507

3.149

3.86568

0.438

3.325

3.1801

3.46893

0.189

0.692

0.627

0.75742

0.327

1.977

1.7113

2.24277

0.301

–0.121

–0.2006

–0.0405

<0.001**

3.918

3.557

4.27827

 

3.507

3.3614

3.65256

 

0.681

0.6217

0.73952

 

1.89

1.6424

2.13799

 

0.108

0.0274

0.1887

 

3.677

3.3357

4.01847

 

3.303

3.168

3.43854

 

0.628

0.5655

0.6908

 

2.044

1.8032

2.28516

 

–0.067

–0.1434

0.0091

 

3.617

3.2401

3.99379

 

3.36

3.2106

3.50998

 

0.708

0.6421

0.77455

 

1.703

1.4279

1.97761

 

–0.05

–0.1355

0.03491

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

3.631

3.2175

4.045

0.989

3.321

3.1575

3.4852

0.401

0.668

0.5983

0.73844

0.974

2.144

1.8529

2.43604

0.155

0.058

–0.035

0.1508

0.070

3.706

3.3532

4.05874

 

3.35

3.2099

3.49034

 

0.67

0.6119

0.72825

 

2.012

1.7634

2.2613

 

–0.007

–0.0867

0.07202

 

3.715

3.3546

4.0747

 

3.316

3.1704

3.46228

 

0.679

0.6118

0.74684

 

1.802

1.5463

2.05806

 

–0.06

–0.1426

0.02224

 

3.66

3.3317

3.9884

 

3.465

3.3334

3.59594

 

0.687

0.6266

0.7469

 

1.767

1.5311

2.00253

 

–0.093

–0.1676

-0.0189

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

3.577

3.1742

3.98011

0.411

3.391

3.2303

3.55223

0.228

0.715

0.6464

0.78376

0.150

1.754

1.4576

2.05013

0.511

–0.067

–0.1576

0.02346

0.219

3.719

3.3946

4.04355

 

3.439

3.3074

3.57133

 

0.683

0.6239

0.74257

 

1.952

1.7197

2.18498

 

–0.026

–0.101

0.04807

 

3.88

3.5401

4.21921

 

3.392

3.2575

3.52654

 

0.622

0.5633

0.68002

 

2.024

1.787

2.26011

 

–0.074

–0.1507

0.00288

 

3.465

3.0837

3.84547

 

3.235

3.0833

3.3862

 

0.703

0.6361

0.76967

 

1.845

1.5693

2.12127

 

0.041

–0.0468

0.12822

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

3.726

3.4728

3.97864

0.045*

3.412

3.3097

3.51348

0.062

0.679

0.6345

0.72379

0.129

1.84

1.6593

2.02153

0.475

–0.049

–0.1077

0.00881

0.665

3.828

3.5317

4.12349

 

3.396

3.2781

3.51411

 

0.645

0.5932

0.69771

 

2.012

1.8021

2.22251

 

–0.027

–0.0944

0.04097

 

3.134

2.6593

3.60862

 

3.158

2.9668

3.34934

 

0.746

0.6629

0.82881

 

1.912

1.5502

2.27351

 

0.005

–0.1039

0.11442

 

1-Ag

SEA

OEA

PEA

PedBE

N = 403

N = 401

N = 410

N = 411

N = 449

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

4.11

3.9978

4.22173

0.282

6.877

6.723

7.03132

0.081

7.861

7.6786

8.04363

0.039*

7.903

7.7466

8.0602

0.100

0.066

–0.1067

0.2393

0.001*

4.208

4.0943

4.32073

 

6.705

6.5473

6.86199

 

7.7

7.5158

7.88342

 

7.729

7.5723

7.88639

 

–0.288

–0.4609

-0.1158

 

4.118

4.0117

4.22489

 

6.671

6.5237

6.81861

 

7.572

7.4003

7.74348

 

7.742

7.5944

7.88921

 

0.071

–0.0987

0.241

 

4.048

3.9312

4.16436

 

6.593

6.4304

6.75645

 

7.505

7.3137

7.69549

 

7.617

7.4531

7.78116

 

0.182

0.001

0.3636

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

4.132

4.0032

4.26085

0.908

6.486

6.3083

6.66377

0.013*

7.477

7.2695

7.68514

0.093

7.685

7.506

7.86351

0.332

0.065

–0.1203

0.24937

0.643

4.15

4.0413

4.25896

 

6.745

6.5934

6.89576

 

7.694

7.5157

7.87175

 

7.756

7.6038

7.90848

 

–0.093

–0.2697

0.08391

 

4.112

3.9993

4.22549

 

6.878

6.7237

7.03217

 

7.821

7.6381

8.00458

 

7.868

7.7108

8.02597

 

0.024

–0.1619

0.20988

 

4.096

3.9931

4.19972

 

6.691

6.5495

6.83174

 

7.609

7.4421

7.7764

 

7.687

7.5436

7.83118

 

0.024

–0.1397

0.18778

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

4.088

3.9632

4.21223

0.219

6.869

6.6943

7.04415

0.228

7.749

7.5435

7.95503

0.649

7.788

7.612

7.96493

0.839

0.097

–0.0982

0.29246

0.374

4.199

4.0974

4.3015

 

6.713

6.5717

6.85514

 

7.691

7.5248

7.85811

 

7.785

7.6418

7.92776

 

0.059

–0.1082

0.22708

 

4.05

3.9451

4.15427

 

6.663

6.5167

6.8097

 

7.61

7.4372

7.78275

 

7.717

7.57

7.86498

 

–0.019

–0.1836

0.14627

 

4.139

4.019

4.25928

 

6.638

6.4728

6.803

 

7.594

7.3991

7.7882

 

7.709

7.5417

7.87545

 

–0.121

–0.3076

0.06571

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

4.108

4.0286

4.18727

0.895

6.712

6.601

6.82289

0.810

7.657

7.5268

7.78741

0.737

7.722

7.611

7.83369

0.722

0.045

–0.0838

0.17472

0.191

4.135

4.0419

4.2283

 

6.737

6.6073

6.86642

 

7.628

7.4772

7.77973

 

7.762

7.6325

7.8917

 

–0.094

–0.236

0.04839

 

4.134

3.9841

4.28451

 

6.657

6.45

6.86339

 

7.742

7.4972

7.98748

 

7.816

7.6058

8.02596

 

0.124

–0.1005

0.34799

 
  1. *Significant.
  2. **Significant with Bonferroni correction.
  3. RAM Regression-adjusted mean, CI Confidence interval, HS High school, DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone, AEA N-arachidonoylethanolamine, 1-Ag 1-Arachidonoylglycerol, SEA stearoylethanolamine, OEA oleoylethanolamide, PEA palmitoylethanolamide, PedBE Pediatric-Buccal-Epigenetic Clock.
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