Table 4 Relationships between Social Adversity and Child Biomarkers, Adjusting for Inflammatory Conditions

From: Associations between Social Adversity and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Stress, and Aging in Children

 

IL-1β

IL-6

IL-8

TNF-alpha

Social Variable

N = 484

N = 479

N = 484

N = 480

Education

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

<High School

3.67182

3.4707

3.87294

0.044*

1.316

1.11526

1.51673

0.015*

6.166

5.98905

6.34295

0.168

0.30103

0.15167

0.45039

0.202

Some HS

3.44837

3.23966

3.65709

 

1.05374

0.84703

1.26044

 

6.05833

5.87469

6.24196

 

0.3012

0.14546

0.45694

 

High School

3.32449

3.13245

3.51654

 

0.9172

0.72719

1.10722

 

5.97317

5.8042

6.14214

 

0.24953

0.10585

0.3932

 

>High School

3.30076

3.08683

3.51469

 

0.89942

0.68854

1.11031

 

5.88518

5.69695

6.0734

 

0.09075

–0.06887

0.25037

 

Income

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

$0–$5K

3.48064

3.25963

3.70165

0.398

1.10787

0.88828

1.32745

0.602

6.08939

5.89549

6.28328

0.449

0.25062

0.08545

0.41578

0.195

$5001–$15K

3.47425

3.2749

3.6736

 

0.9663

0.7683

1.1643

 

6.03734

5.86245

6.21223

 

0.24752

0.10028

0.39475

 

$15,001–$25K

3.52385

3.31116

3.73654

 

1.13484

0.92342

1.34625

 

6.08244

5.89584

6.26904

 

0.35826

0.20045

0.51606

 

$25,001 or more

3.29883

3.10811

3.48955

 

0.9987

0.8085

1.18889

 

5.90994

5.74262

6.07726

 

0.12561

–0.01581

0.26702

 

Social Risks

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

0–1

3.53648

3.30836

3.76461

0.028*

0.97848

0.75038

1.20657

0.395

6.01504

5.81375

6.21633

0.346

0.22016

0.04967

0.39066

0.227

2–3

3.22919

3.04249

3.4159

 

1.06424

0.8772

1.25128

 

5.93343

5.76869

6.09818

 

0.17447

0.03461

0.31433

 

4–6

3.42278

3.23364

3.61192

 

0.95861

0.76897

1.14825

 

6.0108

5.8439

6.17769

 

0.20548

0.06482

0.34613

 

7 or more

3.64776

3.42927

3.86624

 

1.19463

0.9773

1.41196

 

6.16638

5.9736

6.35916

 

0.38902

0.22578

0.55226

 

Cumulative Social Adversity

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

0

3.33878

3.19231

3.48525

0.001**

0.95739

0.81183

1.10294

0.001*

5.96497

5.83614

6.0938

0.003*

0.22655

0.11746

0.33565

0.006*

1

3.37587

3.21147

3.54026

 

0.97933

0.8158

1.14287

 

5.94846

5.80387

6.09306

 

0.14357

0.02022

0.26692

 

2–3

3.91216

3.6492

4.17512

 

1.50298

1.24107

1.76489

 

6.39977

6.16848

6.63105

 

0.52047

0.32501

0.71592

 

Cortisol

Cortisone

Progesterone

DHEA

AEA

N = 406

N = 409

N = 245

N = 320

N = 400

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

3.50798

3.15038

3.86558

0.419

3.32452

3.17993

3.46912

0.191

0.69145

0.62668

0.75622

0.364

1.97689

1.71076

2.24302

0.304

–0.12057

–0.20071

–0.0404

0.001**

3.92417

3.56414

4.2842

 

3.50669

3.36083

3.65255

 

0.68538

0.62671

0.74405

 

1.89095

1.64266

2.13924

 

0.10808

0.02729

0.18888

 

3.6867

3.34581

4.02758

 

3.30298

3.16743

3.43853

 

0.63112

0.56881

0.69342

 

2.0454

1.80371

2.28709

 

-0.06711

–0.1435

0.00928

 

3.61239

3.23626

3.98853

 

3.36039

3.21048

3.5103

 

0.70716

0.6414

0.77292

 

1.70429

1.42859

1.97999

 

–0.05034

–0.13567

0.035

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-Value

3.62664

3.21363

4.03964

0.978

3.32161

3.15754

3.48567

0.398

0.66942

0.59985

0.73898

0.983

2.14369

1.85165

2.43574

0.154

0.05788

–0.03519

0.15094

0.071

3.72549

3.3726

4.07838

 

3.34891

3.2081

3.48971

 

0.67345

0.61563

0.73127

 

2.01664

1.76561

2.26766

 

-0.00731

–0.08699

0.07238

 

3.71919

3.35979

4.07859

 

3.31594

3.1698

3.46208

 

0.68357

0.61642

0.75072

 

1.80427

1.54759

2.06096

 

-0.06018

–0.14274

0.02238

 

3.6535

3.32569

3.98132

 

3.46509

3.33359

3.59658

 

0.68516

0.62541

0.74491

 

1.7659

1.52974

2.00206

 

-0.09323

–0.16772

-0.0187

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-Value

3.58575

3.18334

3.98816

0.425

3.39093

3.22968

3.55219

0.230

0.71653

0.6483

0.78477

0.162

1.75597

1.45831

2.05362

0.517

–0.0671

–0.15781

0.0236

0.220

3.72407

3.40007

4.04806

 

3.43913

3.30693

3.57133

 

0.68503

0.62611

0.74395

 

1.95344

1.72009

2.18679

 

–0.02649

–0.10115

0.04817

 

3.87712

3.53815

4.21608

 

3.39202

3.25731

3.52673

 

0.62464

0.5666

0.68268

 

2.02364

1.78669

2.26058

 

-0.0739

–0.15079

0.00299

 

3.46788

3.08763

3.84812

 

3.23467

3.08301

3.38632

 

0.70291

0.63661

0.7692

 

1.84525

1.56883

2.12167

 

0.04072

–0.04689

0.12834

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-Value

3.73082

3.47832

3.98332

0.043*

3.41136

3.30925

3.51346

0.063

0.68208

0.63768

0.72648

0.127

1.84185

1.6598

2.0239

0.480

-0.0495

–0.10787

0.00887

0.665

3.82987

3.53453

4.1252

 

3.3961

3.27796

3.51424

 

0.64612

0.59424

0.69801

 

2.0127

1.80211

2.22329

 

-0.02674

–0.09453

0.04105

 

3.13371

2.65999

3.60744

 

3.15808

2.96658

3.34958

 

0.74592

0.6636

0.82824

 

1.91123

1.54894

2.27351

 

0.00528

–0.10402

0.11458

 

1-Ag

SEA

OEA

PEA

PedBE

N = 403

N = 401

N = 410

N = 411

N = 449

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

4.10926

3.99731

4.22121

0.302

6.87699

6.72292

7.03106

0.082

7.86106

7.67839

8.04373

0.040*

7.90321

7.74649

8.05993

0.102

0.06779

–0.10514

0.24072

0.001*

4.20528

4.09201

4.31856

 

6.7017

6.54437

6.85902

 

7.69852

7.51448

7.88256

 

7.72685

7.56981

7.88388

 

–0.29285

–0.46546

–0.1202

 

4.11634

4.00971

4.22297

 

6.66832

6.52086

6.81578

 

7.57019

7.39833

7.74204

 

7.73859

7.59113

7.88605

 

0.07064

–0.0991

0.24038

 

4.04901

3.93242

4.1656

 

6.59552

6.43257

6.75847

 

7.50561

7.31449

7.69673

 

7.61906

7.45507

7.78305

 

0.18668

0.00534

0.36802

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

4.13304

4.00424

4.26185

0.929

6.48696

6.30929

6.66464

0.014*

7.47797

7.26991

7.68602

0.098

7.68615

7.50743

7.86488

0.351

0.06989

–0.11518

0.25496

0.595

4.14535

4.03618

4.25452

 

6.73822

6.58668

6.88975

 

7.69064

7.51191

7.86938

 

7.74913

7.59634

7.90191

 

–0.09896

–0.27611

0.07819

 

4.11122

3.99815

4.2243

 

6.87599

6.72175

7.03022

 

7.8208

7.63738

8.00422

 

7.86713

7.70957

8.02469

 

0.02094

–0.16499

0.20688

 

4.09779

3.99445

4.20112

 

6.69389

6.55268

6.83509

 

7.61049

7.44306

7.77792

 

7.69009

7.54626

7.83391

 

0.02767

–0.1362

0.19154

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-Value

4.0855

3.96095

4.21005

0.224

6.86663

6.69172

7.04154

0.237

7.74764

7.5416

7.95368

0.658

7.78515

7.60864

7.96165

0.852

0.09536

–0.10006

0.29077

0.386

4.19775

4.09568

4.29983

 

6.71136

6.56966

6.85307

 

7.69063

7.52377

7.8575

 

7.78318

7.64023

7.92613

 

0.05953

–0.10812

0.22718

 

4.04965

3.94508

4.15422

 

6.6639

6.51745

6.81034

 

7.61034

7.4374

7.78329

 

7.71772

7.57027

7.86518

 

–0.01853

–0.18352

0.14645

 

4.13909

4.01899

4.2592

 

6.63745

6.47244

6.80245

 

7.59355

7.39882

7.78828

 

7.70832

7.5415

7.87513

 

–0.11926

–0.30599

0.06747

 

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-value

RAM and 95% CI

P-Value

4.10634

4.02699

4.18568

0.885

6.71027

6.59937

6.82116

0.812

7.65609

7.52562

7.78656

0.737

7.72014

7.60878

7.8315

0.708

0.04339

–0.08596

0.17275

0.195

4.13434

4.04115

4.22753

 

6.73621

6.60671

6.8657

 

7.62837

7.47695

7.77979

 

7.76188

7.63231

7.89144

 

–0.09234

–0.23459

0.04992

 

4.13488

3.98472

4.28504

 

6.6568

6.45022

6.86337

 

7.74241

7.49705

7.98777

 

7.81599

7.60604

8.02594

 

0.12682

-0.09757

0.35121

 
  1. *Significant.
  2. **Significant with Bonferroni correction.
  3. RAM Regression-adjusted mean, CI Confidence interval, HS High school, DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone, AEA N-arachidonoylethanolamine, 1-Ag 1-Arachidonoylglycerol, SEA stearoylethanolamine, OEA oleoylethanolamide, PEA palmitoylethanolamide, PedBE Pediatric-Buccal Epigenetic Clock.
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