Abstract
Background
The Vannucci procedure is widely used to model cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in neonatal rodents. Identifying minimally invasive biomarkers linked to brain injury would improve stratification of pups to experimental treatments. We hypothesized that extreme blood glucose (BG) and β-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) levels immediately after HI will correlate with severity of brain injury in this model.
Methods
C57BL6 mice of both sexes underwent the Vannucci procedure with BG and bHB measured immediately after hypoxia. GFAP and α-fodrin were measured to assess injury severity at 4h, P11, P18 and P40. Open field (OF), Y-maze (YM), and Object-location task (OLT) were tested at P40.
Results
Clinical seizures-like stereotypies during hypoxia were associated with lower post-hypoxia BG in HI-injured mice. Low BG after HI was related to higher GFAP expression, higher α-fodrin breakdown, lower residual regional volume, and worse working memory. BG was superior to bHB in ROC analysis with BG threshold of <111 mg/dL providing 100% specificity with 72% sensitivity for hippocampal HI-injury.
Conclusions
Post-hypoxic BG is a minimally invasive screening tool to identify pups with significant HI brain injury in the Vannucci model modified for mice improving our ability to stratify pups to experimental treatments to assess effectiveness.
Impact
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End hypoxic-ischemic blood glucose levels are a reliable and inexpensive biomarker to detect hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice.
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Screening with blood glucose levels post-hypoxia allows appropriate stratification of those mouse pups most likely to be injured to experimental treatments improving validity and translatability of the results.
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These findings provide biological plausibility to the clinical observation that extreme blood glucose levels relate to worse outcomes after hypoxia-ischemia.
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Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary material files. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mrs. Deborah Flock for her technical support.
Funding
Supported by National Institutes of Health RO1 HD110091, RO1 NS126549 (RC-V) and the Thomas Wilson Foundation (RC-V).
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All authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Contributions: S.A.D., R.C.-V. in conception; S.A.D., S.V., R.C.-V. in design; all authors in acquisition of data; S.A.D., M.Na., C.P., A.F., G.E., M.Nu., M.S.P. in analysis; S.A.D., M.Na., C.P., S.V., R.C.-V. in data interpretation; S.A.D., S.V., R.C.-V. in drafting of manuscript; and R.C.-V. in funding acquisition. All authors have critically reviewed the final manuscript for important intellectual content and have given their final approval for publication.
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Duck, S.A., Nazareth, M., Fassinger, A. et al. Blood glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate predict significant brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice. Pediatr Res 97, 798–808 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-024-03461-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-024-03461-4
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