Table 1 Characteristics of EPIs with NEC.
Control group (n = 4592) | mNEC group (n = 225) | p-value | sNEC group (n = 493) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neonatal factor | |||||
Gestational age (weeks, median [IQR]) | 26.2 [25.1–27.1] | 26.1 [24.9–27.1] | 0.280 | 25.1 [24.3–26.3] | 0.000 |
Birth weight (gram, median [IQR]) | 850 [700–990] | 820 [670–990] | 0.109 | 720 [620–870] | 0.000 |
Male, n (%) | 2394 (52.1%) | 128 (56.9%) | 0.185 | 275 (55.9%) | 0.124 |
SGA, n (%) | 331 (7.2%) | 21 (9.3%) | 0.287 | 52 (10.5%) | 0.010 |
Multiple birth, n (%) | 1475 (32.1%) | 63 (28.0%) | 0.222 | 168 (34.1%) | 0.406 |
Cesarean section, n (%) | 3375 (73.5%) | 174 (77.3%) | 0.231 | 338 (68.6%) | 0.022 |
Low Apgar score at 1 min, n (%) | 4494 (98.4%) | 222 (99.1%) | 0.609 | 461 (95.1%) | 0.191 |
Low Apgar score at 5 min, n (%) | 2193 (48.0%) | 113 (50.4%) | 0.521 | 284 (58.6%) | 0.000 |
Resuscitation at delivery, n (%) | 4494 (98.5%) | 222 (99.1%) | 0.625 | 482 (99.0%) | 0.495 |
Maternal factor | |||||
Maternal age (median [IQR]) | 33 [31–36] | 33 [31–36] | 0.701 | 34 [31–36] | 0.751 |
IVF, n (%) | 1183 (25.8%) | 56 (24.9%) | 0.830 | 123 (24.9%) | 0.735 |
GDM, n (%) | 395 (8.6%) | 20 (8.9%) | 0.978 | 37 (7.5%) | 0.456 |
PIH, n (%) | 572 (12.5%) | 28 (12.4%) | 1.000 | 58 (11.8%) | 0.711 |
Chorioamnionitis, n (%) | 1995 (49.8%) | 92 (45.5%) | 0.268 | 189 (47.5%) | 0.408 |
PROM, n (%) | 1993 (43.7%) | 112 (49.8%) | 0.087 | 213 (43.9%) | 0.980 |
Abnormal amniotic fluid volume, n (%) | 693 (16.5%) | 29 (14.1%) | 0.407 | 74 (17.1%) | 0.831 |
Complete antenatal steroid, n (%) | 2177 (56.2%) | 104 (55.3%) | 0.869 | 205 (51.6%) | 0.090 |
Antenatal antibiotics, n (%) | 1007 (71.2%) | 49 (75.4%) | 0.555 | 88 (66.2%) | 0.263 |
Clinical morbidities | |||||
Congenital infection, n (%) | 67 (1.5%) | 5 (2.2%) | 0.522 | 9 (1.8%) | 0.658 |
Air leak syndrome, n (%) | 340 (7.4%) | 26 (11.6%) | 0.030 | 62 (12.6%) | 0.000 |
Massive pulmonary hemorrhage, n (%) | 401 (8.7%) | 28 (12.4%) | 0.074 | 79 (16.0%) | 0.000 |
Pulmonary hypertension, n (%) | 739 (16.1%) | 50 (22.2%) | 0.020 | 132 (26.8%) | 0.000 |
RDS, n (%) | 4463 (97.2%) | 212 (94.2%) | 0.018 | 483 (98.0%) | 0.387 |
Surfactant use, n (%) | 4497 (97.9%) | 217 (96.4%) | 0.204 | 483 (98.0%) | 1.000 |
Symptomatic PDA, n (%) | 2338 (50.9%) | 117 (52.0%) | 0.803 | 278 (56.4%) | 0.024 |
Hypotension, n (%) | 1924 (41.9%) | 119 (52.9%) | 0.001 | 323 (65.5%) | 0.000 |
IVH (≥grade2), n (%) | 1401 (30.5%) | 91 (40.4%) | 0.002 | 245 (49.7%) | 0.000 |
Early-onset sepsis, n (%) | 167 (3.6%) | 6 (2.7%) | 0.287 | 20 (4.1%) | 0.730 |
Late-onset sepsis, n (%) | 1392 (30.3%) | 97 (43.1%) | 0.000 | 248 (50.3%) | 0.000 |
Antifungal agent, n (%) | 1917 (41.7%) | 98 (43.6%) | 0.640 | 256 (51.9%) | 0.000 |
Long-term outcome | |||||
Oxygen therapy (days, median [IQR]) | 3 [0-17] | 0 [0-12] | 0.009 | 0 [0-7] | 0.000 |
Noninvasive ventilation (days, median [IQR]) | 29 [9–44] | 27 [3–46] | 0.447 | 14 [0-43] | 0.000 |
Invasive ventilation (days, median [IQR]) | 23 [8–44] | 22 [9–42] | 0.972 | 39 [21–64] | 0.000 |
BPD, n (%) | 3712 (95.7%) | 159 (94.1%) | 0.397 | 298 (99.7%) | 0.001 |
Parenteral nutrition (days, median [IQR]) | 32 [18–51] | 42 [28–60] | 0.000 | 60 [28–93] | 0.000 |
Hospitalization (days, median [IQR]) | 92 [71–115] | 85 [61–114] | 0.060 | 95 [35–140] | 0.884 |
