Table 2 Children’s average linguistic distance (LD) between their L1 to the host country’s official language by native vs. foreign-born mothers per each participating country (N = 3067).

From: Associations of language barriers with very preterm children’s behavioural and socio-emotional problems across Europe

  

Mothers’ country of birth

  

Native

Foreign-born

Children’s country of birth

  

Belgium

n

150

25

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 3.78 (18.59)

0.00; 41.56 (47.91)

Denmark

n

112

8

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 0.00 (0.00)

0.00; 0.00 (0.00)

Estonia

n

120

9

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 23.17 (42.14)

99.29; 66.19 (49.65)

France

n

459

212

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 0.00 (0.00)

0.00; 6.27 (23.66)

Germany

n

169

66

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 4.31 (19.52)

0.00; 43.15 (47.71)

Italy

n

452

120

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 0.13 (2.69)

0.00; 25.66 (39.26)

The Netherlands

n

114

13

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 0.85 (9.10)

0.00; 15.32 (37.40)

Poland

n

172

–

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 0.00 (0.00)

–

Portugal

n

348

77

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 0.23 (4.22)

0.00; 12.43 (30.98)

Sweden

n

93

25

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 1.05 (10.11)

88.22; 63.91 (42.51)

United Kingdom

n

286

37

 

LD Mdn; M (SD)

0.00; 1.01 (9.81)

0.00; 46.73 (48.70)

  1. LD linguistic distance, Mdn median, M mean, SD standard deviation.
  2. Please note: an LD of 0 indicates that the family L1 is the same as the host country’s official language, higher LD values indicate a larger distance.
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