Table 1 Baseline case-mix and risk factors.

N (%)

2782

857

-

Median GA (weeks, 25–75th %ile)

38 [37, 39]

37 [36, 39]

1.1 (1.1, 1.2)

<0.001

Female Sex (N, %)

1084 (39)

399 (46.6)

0.73 (0.63, 0.85)

<0.001

SGA (n, %)

283 (10.2)

167 (19.5)

0.47 (0.38, 0.58)

<0.001

5 min Apgar < 3 (n, %)

71 (2.6)

101 (11.8)

0.19 (0.14, 0.26)

<0.001

Any BSI (n, %)

226 (8.1)

118 (13.8)

0.55 (0.44, 0.7)

<0.001

Birth year

2010–2013

600 (21.6)

236 (27.5)

referent

2014–2016

584 (21)

225 (26.3)

1.02 (0.82, 1.27)

0.85

2017–2019

823 (29.6)

204 (23.8)

1.59 (1.28, 1.97)

<0.001

2020–2023

775 (27.9)

192 (22.4)

1.59 (1.28, 1.97)

<0.001

Antenatal diagnosis (n, %)

1846 (66.4)

694 (81)

0.46 (0.38, 0.56)

<0.001

Pre-repair thoracostomy tube (n, %)

104 (3.7)

129 (15.1)

0.22 (0.17, 0.29)

<0.001

Either ASD OR VSD or AVCanal (n, %)

426 (15.3)

168 (19.6)

0.74 (0.61, 0.9)

0.003

Lowest pH in first 12 h after admission (median, q1,q3)

7.3 [7.2, 7.3]

7.1 [7, 7.3]

modeled as categorical

-

<7.0

132 (4.7)

214 (25)

referent

-

7.0–7.19

581 (20.9)

288 (33.6)

3.27 (2.52, 4.24)

<0.001

7.2–7.29

712 (25.6)

146 (17)

7.9 (5.97, 10.47)

<0.001

7.3–7.45

963 (34.6)

107 (12.5)

14.58 (10.86, 19.59)

<0.001

>7.45+

94 (3.4)

16 (1.9)

9.52 (5.37, 16.88)

<0.001

Liver Position in Thorax (n, %)

1271 (45.7)

509 (59.4)

0.58 (0.49, 0.67)

<0.001

Age at referral (days)

1 [1,2]

1 [1,1]

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

0.008

PCO2 (median, q1,q3)

51 [41.1, 66]

70 [52.8, 95]

modeled as categorical

.

<60 mmHg

1647 (59.2)

278 (32.4)

3.43 (2.89, 4.06)

<0.001

ECMO (n, %)

477 (17.1)

473 (55.2)

0.17 (0.14, 0.2)

<0.001

left sided CDH

2107 (75.7)

639 (74.6)

1.06 (0.87, 1.28)

0.567

Primary repair (n, %)

1285 (46.2)

63 (7.4)

5.06 (3.82, 6.71)

<0.001

Birthweight, kg (median with 25–75th %ile)

3080 [2700, 3430]

2760 [2270, 3180]

1.1 (1.1, 1.1)

<0.001

Race (n, %) NH-White (1)

1544 (55.5)

425 (49.6)

referent

.

NH-Black (2)

292 (10.5)

163 (19)

0.49 (0.4, 0.61)

<0.001

NH-other (3)

241 (8.7)

63 (7.4)

1.05 (0.78, 1.42)

0.734

Hispanic (4)

556 (20)

155 (18.1)

0.99 (0.8, 1.22)

0.905

Comorbidities

Neurologic Diagnoses

111 (4)

89 (10.4)

0.36 (0.27, 0.48)

<0.001

Complex Cardiac Congenital Malformation

110 (4)

106 (12.4)

0.29 (0.22, 0.39)

<0.001

ASD/VSD

426 (15.3)

166 (19.4)

0.68 (0.55, 0.83)

<0.001

Other CHD

81 (2.9)

92 (10.7)

0.23 (0.17, 0.32)

<0.001

None

2275 (81.8)

599 (69.9)

referent

.

ASD (n, %)

274 (9.8)

73 (8.5)

1.17 (0.9, 1.54)

0.247

VSD (n, %)

218 (7.8)

118 (13.8)

0.53 (0.42, 0.68)

<0.001

Genetic/Chromosomal Abnormalities

96 (3.5)

74 (8.6)

0.38 (0.28, 0.52)

<0.001

Kidney Failure

67 (2.4)

143 (16.7)

0.12 (0.09, 0.17)

<0.001

Pulmonary Abnormalities

19 (0.7)

17 (2)

0.34 (0.18, 0.66)

0.001

Airway Malacia

117 (4.2)

33 (3.9)

1.1 (0.74, 1.63)

0.648

Gastrointestinal disorders

206 (7.4)

62 (7.2)

1.03 (0.76, 1.38)

0.868