Fig. 1: Localization of DYX1C1 and reelin proteins during cerebral cortex development in rats.

a Representative immunohistochemical staining shows the spatiotemporal distribution of DYX1C1 and reelin at different embryonic stages (E13.5–E20.5, n = 7 embryos per stage). DYX1C1-positive cells are located in the outer CP, peaking at E15.5, whereas reelin-positive CR cells are located in the MZ. Insets show higher magnification views. Scale bar = 500 μm (upper panels), 100 μm (lower panels of E13.5 and E15.5), 200 μm (lower panels of E17.5 and E20.5), 20 μm (insets). b Quantitative analysis for the population of DYX1C1-positive cells in the developing cerebral cortex. The analysis was conducted on five distinct fields, each measuring 100 µm in width, from each embryo. The data are presented as the means ± SD (bars) with individual data points shown as dots (n = 7 embryos per stage, 5 fields each). The values represent the number of positive cells per unit area, expressed in cells/mm². At E17.5 and E20.5, the VZ region encompasses the subplate (SP) and intermediate zone (IZ) as a consequence of developmental progression. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Bartlett’s test p < 0.001, Welch’s one-way ANOVA, followed by Games-Howell post-hoc test). CP cortical plate, lv lateral ventricle, MZ marginal zone, nc neocortex, PCZ primitive cortical zone, pia pia mater, VZ ventricular zone.