Fig. 2: Odds ratios for the opioid versus the non-opioid groups for each outcome in the propensity score and instrumental variable analyses.

Odds ratios are with reference to patients in the non-opioid group. The non-opioid group comprised the patients who did not receive opioids within the first 2 days of age irrespective of opioids use after 2 days of age. CI confidence interval, IV instrumental variable analysis, PS propensity score.