Table 3 One-stage IPD meta-analyses of the association between VPT/VLBW and adulthood socioeconomic outcomes (pooled data from 10 cohortsa).

From: Socioeconomic outcomes in very preterm/very low birth weight adults: individual participant data meta-analysis

 

Cohorts (n)

 

Random-intercept model

Random-slope model

LRT (p)

Outcomes

N

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

τ2

Educational attainment

10

       

 Unadjusted model

 

2967

0.47 [0.40, 0.56]

<0.001

0.40 [0.26, 0.59]

<0.001

0.32

<0.001

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

2695

0.52 [0.44, 0.61]

<0.001

0.44 [0.28, 0.69]

<0.001

0.40

<0.001

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

2525

0.59 [0.50, 0.71]

<0.001

0.51 [0.33, 0.78]

0.002

0.36

<0.001

Economically active

10

       

 Unadjusted model

 

2933

0.92 [0.77, 1.10]

0.344

0.92 [0.77, 1.10]

0.364

0.00

0.992

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

2655

0.86 [0.71, 1.04]

0.121

0.85 [0.68, 1.05]

0.138

0.02

0.862

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

2477

0.94 [0.77, 1.15]

0.576

0.93 [0.73, 1.18]

0.551

0.03

0.838

Employment statusb

9

       

 In education (ref. Unemployed)

  Unadjusted model

 

2584

0.63 [0.47, 0.84]

0.002

0.51 [0.36, 0.74]

<0.001

0.07

0.383

  Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

2314

0.72 [0.53, 0.98]

0.038

0.61 [0.42, 0.89]

0.011

0.07

0.694

  Excluding participants with NSI

 

2156

0.88 [0.63, 1.24]

0.469

0.74 [0.50, 1.09]

0.127

0.04

0.789

In paid work (ref. Unemployed)

 Unadjusted model

 

2584

0.76 [0.59, 0.97]

0.031

0.60 [0.43, 0.83]

0.002

0.07

0.383

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

2314

0.78 [0.59, 1.01]

0.064

0.65 [0.46, 0.91]

0.012

0.07

0.694

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

2156

0.94 [0.71, 1.26]

0.697

0.79 [0.55, 1.13]

0.194

0.07

0.789

Work status (full vs. part-time)

5

       

 Unadjusted model

 

901

1.04 [0.68, 1.59]

0.852

0.96 [0.53, 1.73]

0.890

0.13

0.584

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

891

0.89 [0.57, 1.41]

0.632

0.83 [0.44, 1.60]

0.584

0.18

0.630

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

843

1.03 [0.63, 1.68]

0.902

1.00 [0.53, 1.89]

0.994

0.11

0.767

Working hours per week [Bc]

5

       

 Unadjusted model

 

900

0.58 [−0.77, 1.90]

0.397

−0.28 [−4.34, 2.67]

0.853

5.60

0.279

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

890

−0.05 [−1.48, 1.14]

0.938

−0.39 [−2.16, 1.12]

0.783

1.89

0.944

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

842

0.43 [−0.91, 1.66]

0.516

0.37 [−1.68, 1.69]

0.602

0.23

0.787

Social benefits

5

       

 Unadjusted model

 

1235

3.93 [2.63, 5.86]

<0.001

8.97 [2.67, 29.83]

<0.001

0.82

0.056

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

1032

3.98 [2.37, 6.69]

<0.001

7.71 [2.34, 25.34]

<0.001

0.77

0.055

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

920

2.80 [1.61, 4.89]

<0.001

4.94 [1.59, 15.34]

0.006

0.54

0.206

Independent living

8

       

 Unadjusted model

 

2636

0.63 [0.51, 0.77]

<0.001

0.67 [0.41, 1.09]

0.105

0.36

<0.001

 Adjusted for age, sex, maternal education

 

2415

0.66 [0.53, 0.82]

<0.001

0.72 [0.40, 1.27]

0.254

0.50

<0.001

 Excluding participants with NSI

 

2249

0.84 [0.67, 1.07]

0.155

0.81 [0.45, 1.46]

0.490

0.49

<0.001

  1. Bolded coefficients indicate statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level and their corresponding confidence intervals. LRT = Likelihood Ratio Test. A significant p value from the LRT indicates that the random-slope model provides a significantly better fit than the random-intercept model.
  2. aThe Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants (POPS) cohort was excluded in the group comparison analysis due to the lack of term-born control group. Supplementary Table S3 showed the results of sensitivity analysis that included POPS.
  3. bEmployment status was an unordered categorical variable, coded as 0 = unemployed, 1 = in education/training; 2 = in paid work.
  4. cB indicates the unstandardised linear regression coefficient. NSI = neurosensory impairments.
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