Table 4 Univariable and multivariable regressions of predictors on socioeconomic outcomes among VPT/VLBW individuals.

From: Socioeconomic outcomes in very preterm/very low birth weight adults: individual participant data meta-analysis

 

Educational attainment (n = 1638)

 

univariable

multivariable

 

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

Age (per year)

1.12 [1.09, 1.15]

<0.001***

1.10 [1.07, 1.14]

<0.001***

Sex (Female)

1.52 [1.24, 1.85]

<0.001***

1.56 [1.26, 1.92]

<0.001***

Gestational age (per week)

1.13 [1.09, 1.17]

<0.001***

1.11 [1.01, 1.23]

0.037*

Birthweight z score (per SD)

1.02 [0.94, 1.11]

0.687

1.32 [1.13, 1.54]

<0.001***

Head circumference (per cm)

1.13 [1.08, 1.18]

<0.001***

0.96 [0.88, 1.05]

0.352

Multiple birth

1.04 [0.82, 1.31]

0.746

1.06 [0.83, 1.35]

0.643

IVH

0.66 [0.53, 0.84]

<0.001***

0.85 [0.67, 1.09]

0.207

BPD

0.38 [0.30, 0.48]

<0.001***

0.52 [0.40, 0.67]

<0.001***

NSI

0.27 [0.20, 0.37]

<0.001***

0.32 [0.23, 0.44]

<0.001***

Higher maternal education

1.92 [1.65, 2.24]

<0.001***

1.89 [1.61, 2.22]

<0.001***

Maternal age at birth (per year)

1.02 [1.01, 1.04]

0.039*

1.02 [1.00, 1.04]

0.033*

Ethnicity (non-white)

0.68 [0.48, 0.96]

0.027*

0.80 [0.56, 1.16]

0.237

 

Employment status (n = 1390)

 

In education (reference: Unemployed)

In paid work (reference: Unemployed)

 

univariable

multivariable

univariable

multivariable

 
 

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

Age (per year)

0.75 [0.66, 0.85]

<0.001***

0.73 [0.65, 0.83]

<0.001***

1.12 [1.03, 1.21]

0.005**

1.11 [1.03, 1.20]

0.008**

Sex (Female)

1.13 [0.78, 1.65]

0.518

1.03 [0.69, 1.53]

0.893

0.80 [0.58, 1.10]

0.162

0.75 [0.53, 1.04]

0.088

Gestational age (per week)

1.08 [0.99, 1.18]

0.093

1.19 [0.98, 1.44]

0.082

1.07 [1.00, 1.15]

0.048*

1.09 [0.92, 1.28]

0.311

Birthweight z score (per SD)

0.98 [0.82, 1.16]

0.803

1.29 [0.96, 1.74]

0.087

1.00 [0.87, 1.14]

0.965

1.15 [0.89, 1.47]

0.281

Head circumference (per cm)

1.02 [0.98, 1.05]

0.753

0.87 [0.74, 1.02]

0.086

1.06 [0.98, 1.15]

0.140

0.96 [0.84, 1.09]

0.522

Multiple birth

1.21 [0.78, 1.88]

0.387

1.19 [0.76, 1.88]

0.445

0.91 [0.62, 1.32]

0.608

0.91 [0.62, 1.34]

0.629

IVH

0.54 [0.34, 0.86]

0.009**

0.59 [0.36, 0.98]

0.043*

0.62 [0.42, 0.90]

0.013*

0.72 [0.48, 1.07]

0.102

BPD

0.71 [0.46, 1.10]

0.121

0.86 [0.52, 1.41]

0.544

0.67 [0.46, 0.97]

0.035*

0.80 [0.53, 1.20]

0.286

NSI

0.33 [0.21, 0.54]

<0.001***

0.39 [0.24, 0.65]

<0.001***

0.33 [0.22, 0.50]

<0.001***

0.35 [0.23, 0.52]

<0.001***

Higher maternal education

1.48 [1.07, 2.06]

0.018*

1.29 [0.90, 1.84]

0.166

0.79 [0.60, 1.02]

0.069

0.73 [0.56, 0.95]

0.020*

Maternal age at birth (per year)

1.07 [1.03, 1.11]

<0.001***

1.06 [1.02, 1.11]

0.005**

1.01 [0.98, 1.05]

0.513

1.02 [0.98, 1.06]

0.337

Ethnicity (non-white)

0.84 [0.38, 1.83]

0.662

0.83 [0.35, 1.97]

0.680

0.67 [0.32, 1.39]

0.285

0.75 [0.35, 1.60]

0.456

 

Social benefits (n = 1014)

Independent living (n = 1468)

 

univariable

multivariable

univariable

multivariable

 

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

OR [95%CI]

p

Age (per year)

1.08 [0.77, 1.52]

0.644

1.01 [0.81, 1.26]

0.906

1.31 [1.15, 1.48]

<0.001***

1.41 [1.26, 1.58]

<0.001***

Sex (Female)

0.82 [0.58, 1.15]

0.248

0.98 [0.67, 1.43]

0.914

2.01 [1.55, 2.59]

<0.001***

2.11 [1.59, 2.80]

<0.001***

Gestational age (per week)

0.87 [0.79, 0.95]

0.002**

0.83 [0.68, 1.02]

0.071

1.05 [0.99, 1.11]

0.103

1.03 [0.89, 1.19]

0.712

Birthweight z score (per SD)

1.02 [0.88, 1.19]

0.763

0.75 [0.56, 1.02]

0.066

1.01 [0.91, 1.12]

0.862

1.18 [0.95, 1.47]

0.144

Head circumference (per cm)

0.91 [0.82, 1.00]

0.056

1.04 [0.88, 1.22]

0.655

1.04 [0.98, 1.11]

0.173

0.99 [0.88, 1.12]

0.872

Multiple birth

1.34 [0.92, 1.95]

0.129

1.41 [0.93, 2.14]

0.107

1.22 [0.91, 1.65]

0.187

1.15 [0.83, 1.60]

0.398

IVH

1.97 [1.35, 2.88]

<0.001***

1.66 [1.07, 2.59]

0.026*

0.66 [0.48, 0.91]

0.010*

0.72 [0.51, 1.03]

0.076

BPD

1.50 [1.02, 2.22]

0.042*

1.11 [0.70, 1.77]

0.649

0.63 [0.47, 0.85]

0.003**

0.80 [0.57, 1.12]

0.192

NSI

7.72 [4.85, 12.28]

<0.001***

6.68 [4.11, 10.86]

<0.001***

0.20 [0.14, 0.30]

<0.001***

0.20 [0.13, 0.30]

<0.001***

Higher maternal education

0.71 [0.53, 0.96]

0.028*

0.79 [0.54, 1.16]

0.247

1.32 [1.09, 1.61]

0.005**

1.39 [1.12, 1.72]

0.003**

Maternal age at birth (per year)

0.98 [0.95, 1.01]

0.153

0.98 [0.95, 1.02]

0.307

0.97 [0.94, 0.99]

0.008**

0.96 [0.93, 0.98]

0.002**

Ethnicity (non-white)

1.56 [0.88, 2.78]

0.129

1.31 [0.68, 2.51]

0.416

0.46 [0.27, 0.80]

0.006**

0.39 [0.21, 0.70]

0.002**

  1. Bolded coefficients indicate statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level and corresponding confidence intervals. IVH = intraventricular haemorrhage, BPD = bronchopulmonary dysplasia, NSI = neurosensory impairments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
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