Fig. 3: Changes in urinary IS and 8-OHdG after the administration of antibiotics to PAN rats.

a, c Changes in urinary IS and 8-OHdG in the control group. b, d Changes in urinary IS and 8-OHdG in the antibiotic-treated group. These measurements were performed on a different group of rats from the primary groups to assess proteinuria (n = 10 per group). There was no significant change in urinary IS levels in the control group before PBS administration and 10 days after PBS administration (p = 0.16, a). By contrast, in the antibiotic-treated group, the mean urinary IS levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.001, b). Similarly, changes in the mean urinary levels of 8-OHdG, a marker of oxidative stress, before PBS administration and 10 days after PBS administration did not reach statistical significance in the control group (p = 0.47, c). However, in the antibiotic-treated group, the mean urinary 8-OHdG levels were significantly decreased 10 days after antibiotic administration (p < 0.001, d). IS Indoxyl sulfate, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, PAN puromycin aminonucleoside, PBS phosphate-buffered saline, Cr creatinine.